Dialogue Social Science Review (DSSR)

Management is involved in each sector of daily life. Through the management, we can solve and handle even complex problems in a easy way. There are various theories of management. Among these, three main theories, this article elaborates Scientific, Administrative and Bureaucratic theories with its detailed rules, principles and functions. This article is a good effort towards elaborating these theories in the sequence of history, need of time when evolved and with the examples of the usage of these theories form the past to present times. Keywords: Management, leadership, Classical Management theories, Scientific Management Theory, Administrative Theory, Bureaucratic Theory

Malaria is an important vector-borne disease transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is a climate-sensitive disease, and its transmission is strongly influenced by climatic factors, particularly flooding, in malaria-endemic regions. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria before and after flooding in the general population of District Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 10,381 suspected malaria cases were recorded from July to October 2022 from 14 healthcare centers across District Nowshera. Malaria was diagnosed using microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Of the total suspected cases, 980 (9.44%) were confirmed positive for malaria. The prevalence of malaria was 8.72% before the flood and increased to 9.94% after the flood. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species during both the pre-flood and post-flood periods, followed by Plasmodium falciparum, while mixed infections (P. vivax and P. falciparum) were recorded at the lowest frequency. Before the flood, malaria incidence was slightly higher among females, whereas after the flood, males showed a higher prevalence than females. Age-wise analysis revealed that the highest number of malaria cases occurred in individuals aged >15 years, followed by those aged 5–14 years, while the lowest prevalence was observed among children aged 0–4 years.

Inflammation is a fundamental biological response that protects the body against infection and tissue injury; however, persistent or excessive inflammation contributes to the development of numerous chronic disorders. The search for safer, naturally derived anti-inflammatory agents (plants and animals extract) has therefore become an important area of biomedical research. The present study investigated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) extract using human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and heat-induced hemolysis assays. A hydroethanolic extract of T. castaneum was prepared and evaluated at concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 µg/mL, with diclofenac sodium used as the reference anti-inflammatory drug. The extract exhibited concentration-dependent membrane-protective activity in both assays. In the HRBC membrane stabilization assay, the percentage inhibition of hemolysis increased from 7.85% at 10 µg/mL to 43.98% at 50 µg/mL, whereas diclofenac sodium achieved 65.45% inhibition at the highest concentration. Similarly, in the heat-induced hemolysis assay, the extract demonstrated inhibition ranging from 9.79% to 45.36%, compared with 65.46% for the standard drug. These findings indicate that T. castaneum extract possesses significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, likely through stabilization of erythrocyte membranes and protection against inflammatory damage. This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of insect-derived bioactive compounds as natural anti-inflammatory agents. Further studies are required to isolate the active constituents, elucidate their molecular mechanisms, and validate their efficacy and safety through in vivo and clinical investigations.

Agricultural productivity is strongly influenced by soil physicochemical characteristics, which determine nutrient availability, water retention, root development, and overall crop performance. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of agricultural soils in District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to assess their suitability for maize cultivation and sustainable soil management. Thirty composite soil samples (0–30 cm depth) were collected from cultivated fields and analyzed for soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), lime content, and ABDTPA extractable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) using standard laboratory procedures. The investigated soils were predominantly medium textured, ranging from sandy loam to silty clay loam, indicating favorable physical conditions for crop production. Soil pH ranged from 7.0 to 8.0 (mean 7.5), demonstrating that most soils were alkaline. Electrical conductivity values indicated that nearly all soils were nonsaline, while lime content revealed that the majority of samples were moderately to strongly calcareous. Soil organic matter was generally low to marginal, whereas extractable phosphorus was deficient in a considerable proportion of samples. Potassium concentrations were mostly within the medium to adequate range. These findings indicate that although the soils possess favorable texture and low salinity, deficiencies in organic matter and phosphorus, together with alkaline and calcareous conditions, may restrict nutrient availability and crop productivity. Adoption of integrated soil fertility management practices, including balanced fertilization, organic amendments, and regular soil testing, is recommended to improve soil health and sustain maize production in the region. Keywords: soil fertility; maize; physicochemical properties; phosphorus; potassium; soil organic matter; Peshawar; sustainable agriculture

Teachers’ soft skills are becoming increasingly important in higher education, as they strongly influence students’ academic performance in a competitive academic setting. The present study entitled “Impact of teachers’ soft skills on students’ on academic performance in higher education” was conducted with three objectives: to identify the level of teacher soft skills as perceived by students in higher education; to analyze the current level of students’ academic performance; and to determine the impact of teachers’ soft skills on students’ academic performance in higher education. A quantitative research approach was used to conduct this study. The population comprised students and teachers of public universities in Punjab. Through multistage random sampling, 14 universities, 100 teachers and 400 students were included in the sample. Two self-developed questionnaires were used for data collection to evaluate teachers’ soft skills through students’ responses, while academic performance data were obtained from official departmental records. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores, and correlation analysis. Results indicated that teachers’ soft skills were at a moderate level, with leadership and emotional intelligence rated higher than communication skills. Students’ academic performance was found to be at an average level, with low academic awards and attendance barriers mainly due to work commitments. Furthermore the analysis concluded that teachers’ soft skills had a statistically significant positive impact on students’ academic performance, with emotional intelligence emerging as the strongest predictor among the soft skills dimensions. The study recommends that universities should organize professional development programs focusing on communication skills, leadership, and emotional intelligence to enhance teachers’ effectiveness. It is also suggested that future research should be conducted on a larger scale using longitudinal and mixed-method approaches for deeper understanding of these relationships.

Soil fertility decline and poor nutrient use efficiency are major constraints to wheat productivity in calcareous soils of Peshawar, Pakistan. This study evaluated the effects of biochar (BC) and poultry manure (PM) alone and in combination with mineral phosphorus on growth, yield and phosphorus use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A field experiment was conducted at the University Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, during the winter season of 2023-24 using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Twelve treatment combinations were tested using four phosphorus levels (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg P ha⁻¹), biochar at 10 t ha⁻¹ and poultry manure at 10 t ha⁻¹. The experimental soil was alkaline, calcareous, non-saline and low in organic matter and available phosphorus. Results showed that phosphorus application with biochar significantly improved wheat growth, yield attributes, nutrient uptake and phosphorus use efficiency. The treatment receiving 120 kg P ha⁻¹ + 10 t biochar ha⁻¹ produced the highest plant height (98.4 cm), spike length (12.8 cm), grains per spike (52.4), thousand-grain weight (46.2 g), biological yield (12,845 kg ha⁻¹) and grain yield (4,872 kg ha⁻¹). The same treatment also recorded the highest total nitrogen uptake (142.3 kg ha⁻¹), total phosphorus uptake (38.7 kg ha⁻¹) and phosphorus use efficiency (32.25). Biochar consistently outperformed poultry manure in improving wheat productivity when combined with mineral phosphorus. The findings indicate that integration of mineral phosphorus with biochar improves nutrient availability and crop performance under calcareous soil conditions. Application of 120 kg P ha⁻¹ with 10 t biochar ha⁻¹ is therefore recommended for improving wheat productivity and phosphorus use efficiency in the Peshawar region. Keywords: biochar; calcareous soil; phosphorus use efficiency; poultry manure; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

This study examines the impact of digitalization on the quality of education, focusing on its benefits, challenges, and future prospects in Pakistan. A descriptive research design was employed, and the study is based on secondary data collected from reports, policy documents, and publications of international organizations such as UNESCO, the World Bank, OECD, UNICEF, and Pakistan’s Higher Education Commission. The findings indicate that digitalization has significantly improved access to education in Pakistan by enabling online learning platforms, digital classrooms, and educational broadcasting services such as Teleschool. It has enhanced teaching and learning processes through interactive tools, multimedia resources, and blended learning approaches, particularly benefiting urban and private institutions. Digital platforms such as Virtual University have also supported flexible and self-paced learning, while improving students’ digital literacy and employability skills. However, the study also identifies major challenges, including the digital divide between urban and rural areas, inadequate infrastructure, limited internet connectivity, lack of teacher training, and issues related to student engagement and cybersecurity. These challenges hinder the equitable distribution of educational benefits and reduce the overall effectiveness of digital learning systems. The study concludes that despite these limitations, digitalization holds strong potential for improving the quality of education in Pakistan. Future prospects include the expansion of blended learning models, AI-based personalized education, enhanced teacher training, and improved digital infrastructure. With appropriate policy support and investment, digitalization can contribute to a more inclusive, efficient, and high-quality education system in Pakistan. Keywords: Digitalization, Quality of Education, Benefits, Challenges, Future Prospects.

The current study examined the translation errors that occurred in the translation of the sentences by ESL engineering students of the University of Larkano. The primary aims of the study were to find out the most frequent errors in translation by students, to categorize these errors linguistically and to recommend a translation approach for developing students' translation competence. The research method in this study was qualitative research design and the Error Analysis Framework was used by Corder. Data was collected by a translation task where 15 Urdu sentences were given to students and asked them to translate them into English. Collected translations were thoroughly studied to determine the grammatical, lexical, syntactic and semantic errors. The findings indicated that students frequently made errors in verb forms, subject-verb agreement, word choice, sentence structure and word meaning. The findings also showed high degree of mother-tongue influence and Urdu-to-English word for word translation. The researcher found that training in grammar and vocabulary, practice in writing sentences, translation based on background reading, and teacher feedback can help ESL engineering students improve their translation accuracy. Keywords: Translation errors, ESL students, Engineering students, Error analysis, Urdu-English translation.

ABSTRACT This article examines the role of melodrama as a structuring aesthetic in Pakistani documentary film and television, arguing that its presence constitutes not merely a stylistic inheritance but a postcolonial legacy whose origins lie in the conditions of film production under the British Raj. Drawing on documentary output from three institutional voices — state media organisations (Pakistan Television Corporation, Directorate of Films and Publications, Inter-Services Public Relations), commercial television channels, and independent women filmmakers — the article traces two distinct melodramatic traditions in Pakistani cinema: the female-oriented Urdu weepie modelled on Hollywood melodramas of the 1930s and 1940s, and the hyper-violent anti-feudal Punjabi cinema of the 1970s and 1980s. Both traditions, it is argued, have migrated into documentary in ways that serve specific ideological, commercial, and political purposes. The article brings together Peter Brooks’ rehabilitation of melodrama as a political form, Bill Nichols’ concept of epistephilia, and postcolonial theory to argue that Pakistani documentary deploys the pleasures of melodrama as a rhetorical vehicle for constructing particular versions of national history and identity. Far from being a concession to popular taste, melodrama in Pakistani documentary is a deliberate apparatus of persuasion. Keywords: Pakistani documentary, melodrama, postcolonial cinema, epistephilia, PTV, docudrama, South Asian film

This study critically analyzes the changing role of judicial activism in climate governance in Pakistan within the context of national constitutional law and international climate litigation. Pakistan, one of the most vulnerable nations to climate change, faces floods, glacial melting, high heat, and smog issues that threaten human and economic safety (Kreft et al., 2016; Mustafa, 2023). Despite laws like the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (1997) and the Climate Change Act (2017), institutional fragmentation, financial constraints, and political instability hinder governance (Rafay, 2021). Judicial activism is a remedy. Shehla Zia v. WAPDA (1994) and Asghar Leghari v. Federation (2015, 2018) established environmental rights under Articles 9 and 14, incorporating global principles like sustainable development, the precautionary principle, intergenerational equity, and the public trust doctrine. Public interest litigation and Suo motu jurisdiction have allowed higher courts to order executive compliance, create policy commissions, and promote environmental justice. According to empirical evidence, judicial bodies like the Smog Commission and Climate Change Commission have identified technical deficiencies. Enforcement, financial, and tribunal capacity issues threaten long-term sustainability (Cheema & Gilani, 2015). Comparative lessons from India, the Netherlands, South Africa, and the US illustrate that judicial activism has revolutionary potential and pitfalls. Singapore's governance approach allows for institutional accountability and integrated planning change (Peel & Osofsky, 2020; Kotzé, 2022; Tan, 2020). The study found that judicial activism has stimulated reform but cannot replace systemic governance. To ensure resilience, justice, and sustainability for current and future generations, Pakistan must move from judicial declarations to administrative compliance and integrate climate justice within strong institutional frameworks (Hunter, 2021; Boyd, 2024). Keywords: Judicial Activism, Climate Governance in Pakistan, Environmental Constitutionalism, Public Interest Litigation (PIL), Comparative Climate Jurisprudence, Intergenerational Equity, Institutional Reform, and Compliance.

Malaria is an important vector-borne disease transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is a climate-sensitive disease, and its transmission is strongly influenced by climatic factors, particularly flooding, in malaria-endemic regions. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of malaria before and after flooding in the general population of District Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 10,381 suspected malaria cases were recorded from July to October 2022 from 14 healthcare centers across District Nowshera. Malaria was diagnosed using microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Of the total suspected cases, 980 (9.44%) were confirmed positive for malaria. The prevalence of malaria was 8.72% before the flood and increased to 9.94% after the flood. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species during both the pre-flood and post-flood periods, followed by Plasmodium falciparum, while mixed infections (P. vivax and P. falciparum) were recorded at the lowest frequency. Before the flood, malaria incidence was slightly higher among females, whereas after the flood, males showed a higher prevalence than females. Age-wise analysis revealed that the highest number of malaria cases occurred in individuals aged >15 years, followed by those aged 5–14 years, while the lowest prevalence was observed among children aged 0–4 years.

Inflammation is a fundamental biological response that protects the body against infection and tissue injury; however, persistent or excessive inflammation contributes to the development of numerous chronic disorders. The search for safer, naturally derived anti-inflammatory agents (plants and animals extract) has therefore become an important area of biomedical research. The present study investigated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) extract using human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and heat-induced hemolysis assays. A hydroethanolic extract of T. castaneum was prepared and evaluated at concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 µg/mL, with diclofenac sodium used as the reference anti-inflammatory drug. The extract exhibited concentration-dependent membrane-protective activity in both assays. In the HRBC membrane stabilization assay, the percentage inhibition of hemolysis increased from 7.85% at 10 µg/mL to 43.98% at 50 µg/mL, whereas diclofenac sodium achieved 65.45% inhibition at the highest concentration. Similarly, in the heat-induced hemolysis assay, the extract demonstrated inhibition ranging from 9.79% to 45.36%, compared with 65.46% for the standard drug. These findings indicate that T. castaneum extract possesses significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, likely through stabilization of erythrocyte membranes and protection against inflammatory damage. This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of insect-derived bioactive compounds as natural anti-inflammatory agents. Further studies are required to isolate the active constituents, elucidate their molecular mechanisms, and validate their efficacy and safety through in vivo and clinical investigations.

Agricultural productivity is strongly influenced by soil physicochemical characteristics, which determine nutrient availability, water retention, root development, and overall crop performance. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of agricultural soils in District Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to assess their suitability for maize cultivation and sustainable soil management. Thirty composite soil samples (0–30 cm depth) were collected from cultivated fields and analyzed for soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), lime content, and ABDTPA extractable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) using standard laboratory procedures. The investigated soils were predominantly medium textured, ranging from sandy loam to silty clay loam, indicating favorable physical conditions for crop production. Soil pH ranged from 7.0 to 8.0 (mean 7.5), demonstrating that most soils were alkaline. Electrical conductivity values indicated that nearly all soils were nonsaline, while lime content revealed that the majority of samples were moderately to strongly calcareous. Soil organic matter was generally low to marginal, whereas extractable phosphorus was deficient in a considerable proportion of samples. Potassium concentrations were mostly within the medium to adequate range. These findings indicate that although the soils possess favorable texture and low salinity, deficiencies in organic matter and phosphorus, together with alkaline and calcareous conditions, may restrict nutrient availability and crop productivity. Adoption of integrated soil fertility management practices, including balanced fertilization, organic amendments, and regular soil testing, is recommended to improve soil health and sustain maize production in the region. Keywords: soil fertility; maize; physicochemical properties; phosphorus; potassium; soil organic matter; Peshawar; sustainable agriculture

Teachers’ soft skills are becoming increasingly important in higher education, as they strongly influence students’ academic performance in a competitive academic setting. The present study entitled “Impact of teachers’ soft skills on students’ on academic performance in higher education” was conducted with three objectives: to identify the level of teacher soft skills as perceived by students in higher education; to analyze the current level of students’ academic performance; and to determine the impact of teachers’ soft skills on students’ academic performance in higher education. A quantitative research approach was used to conduct this study. The population comprised students and teachers of public universities in Punjab. Through multistage random sampling, 14 universities, 100 teachers and 400 students were included in the sample. Two self-developed questionnaires were used for data collection to evaluate teachers’ soft skills through students’ responses, while academic performance data were obtained from official departmental records. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores, and correlation analysis. Results indicated that teachers’ soft skills were at a moderate level, with leadership and emotional intelligence rated higher than communication skills. Students’ academic performance was found to be at an average level, with low academic awards and attendance barriers mainly due to work commitments. Furthermore the analysis concluded that teachers’ soft skills had a statistically significant positive impact on students’ academic performance, with emotional intelligence emerging as the strongest predictor among the soft skills dimensions. The study recommends that universities should organize professional development programs focusing on communication skills, leadership, and emotional intelligence to enhance teachers’ effectiveness. It is also suggested that future research should be conducted on a larger scale using longitudinal and mixed-method approaches for deeper understanding of these relationships.

Soil fertility decline and poor nutrient use efficiency are major constraints to wheat productivity in calcareous soils of Peshawar, Pakistan. This study evaluated the effects of biochar (BC) and poultry manure (PM) alone and in combination with mineral phosphorus on growth, yield and phosphorus use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A field experiment was conducted at the University Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, during the winter season of 2023-24 using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Twelve treatment combinations were tested using four phosphorus levels (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg P ha⁻¹), biochar at 10 t ha⁻¹ and poultry manure at 10 t ha⁻¹. The experimental soil was alkaline, calcareous, non-saline and low in organic matter and available phosphorus. Results showed that phosphorus application with biochar significantly improved wheat growth, yield attributes, nutrient uptake and phosphorus use efficiency. The treatment receiving 120 kg P ha⁻¹ + 10 t biochar ha⁻¹ produced the highest plant height (98.4 cm), spike length (12.8 cm), grains per spike (52.4), thousand-grain weight (46.2 g), biological yield (12,845 kg ha⁻¹) and grain yield (4,872 kg ha⁻¹). The same treatment also recorded the highest total nitrogen uptake (142.3 kg ha⁻¹), total phosphorus uptake (38.7 kg ha⁻¹) and phosphorus use efficiency (32.25). Biochar consistently outperformed poultry manure in improving wheat productivity when combined with mineral phosphorus. The findings indicate that integration of mineral phosphorus with biochar improves nutrient availability and crop performance under calcareous soil conditions. Application of 120 kg P ha⁻¹ with 10 t biochar ha⁻¹ is therefore recommended for improving wheat productivity and phosphorus use efficiency in the Peshawar region. Keywords: biochar; calcareous soil; phosphorus use efficiency; poultry manure; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

This study examines the impact of digitalization on the quality of education, focusing on its benefits, challenges, and future prospects in Pakistan. A descriptive research design was employed, and the study is based on secondary data collected from reports, policy documents, and publications of international organizations such as UNESCO, the World Bank, OECD, UNICEF, and Pakistan’s Higher Education Commission. The findings indicate that digitalization has significantly improved access to education in Pakistan by enabling online learning platforms, digital classrooms, and educational broadcasting services such as Teleschool. It has enhanced teaching and learning processes through interactive tools, multimedia resources, and blended learning approaches, particularly benefiting urban and private institutions. Digital platforms such as Virtual University have also supported flexible and self-paced learning, while improving students’ digital literacy and employability skills. However, the study also identifies major challenges, including the digital divide between urban and rural areas, inadequate infrastructure, limited internet connectivity, lack of teacher training, and issues related to student engagement and cybersecurity. These challenges hinder the equitable distribution of educational benefits and reduce the overall effectiveness of digital learning systems. The study concludes that despite these limitations, digitalization holds strong potential for improving the quality of education in Pakistan. Future prospects include the expansion of blended learning models, AI-based personalized education, enhanced teacher training, and improved digital infrastructure. With appropriate policy support and investment, digitalization can contribute to a more inclusive, efficient, and high-quality education system in Pakistan. Keywords: Digitalization, Quality of Education, Benefits, Challenges, Future Prospects.

The current study examined the translation errors that occurred in the translation of the sentences by ESL engineering students of the University of Larkano. The primary aims of the study were to find out the most frequent errors in translation by students, to categorize these errors linguistically and to recommend a translation approach for developing students' translation competence. The research method in this study was qualitative research design and the Error Analysis Framework was used by Corder. Data was collected by a translation task where 15 Urdu sentences were given to students and asked them to translate them into English. Collected translations were thoroughly studied to determine the grammatical, lexical, syntactic and semantic errors. The findings indicated that students frequently made errors in verb forms, subject-verb agreement, word choice, sentence structure and word meaning. The findings also showed high degree of mother-tongue influence and Urdu-to-English word for word translation. The researcher found that training in grammar and vocabulary, practice in writing sentences, translation based on background reading, and teacher feedback can help ESL engineering students improve their translation accuracy. Keywords: Translation errors, ESL students, Engineering students, Error analysis, Urdu-English translation.

ABSTRACT This article examines the role of melodrama as a structuring aesthetic in Pakistani documentary film and television, arguing that its presence constitutes not merely a stylistic inheritance but a postcolonial legacy whose origins lie in the conditions of film production under the British Raj. Drawing on documentary output from three institutional voices — state media organisations (Pakistan Television Corporation, Directorate of Films and Publications, Inter-Services Public Relations), commercial television channels, and independent women filmmakers — the article traces two distinct melodramatic traditions in Pakistani cinema: the female-oriented Urdu weepie modelled on Hollywood melodramas of the 1930s and 1940s, and the hyper-violent anti-feudal Punjabi cinema of the 1970s and 1980s. Both traditions, it is argued, have migrated into documentary in ways that serve specific ideological, commercial, and political purposes. The article brings together Peter Brooks’ rehabilitation of melodrama as a political form, Bill Nichols’ concept of epistephilia, and postcolonial theory to argue that Pakistani documentary deploys the pleasures of melodrama as a rhetorical vehicle for constructing particular versions of national history and identity. Far from being a concession to popular taste, melodrama in Pakistani documentary is a deliberate apparatus of persuasion. Keywords: Pakistani documentary, melodrama, postcolonial cinema, epistephilia, PTV, docudrama, South Asian film

This study critically analyzes the changing role of judicial activism in climate governance in Pakistan within the context of national constitutional law and international climate litigation. Pakistan, one of the most vulnerable nations to climate change, faces floods, glacial melting, high heat, and smog issues that threaten human and economic safety (Kreft et al., 2016; Mustafa, 2023). Despite laws like the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (1997) and the Climate Change Act (2017), institutional fragmentation, financial constraints, and political instability hinder governance (Rafay, 2021). Judicial activism is a remedy. Shehla Zia v. WAPDA (1994) and Asghar Leghari v. Federation (2015, 2018) established environmental rights under Articles 9 and 14, incorporating global principles like sustainable development, the precautionary principle, intergenerational equity, and the public trust doctrine. Public interest litigation and Suo motu jurisdiction have allowed higher courts to order executive compliance, create policy commissions, and promote environmental justice. According to empirical evidence, judicial bodies like the Smog Commission and Climate Change Commission have identified technical deficiencies. Enforcement, financial, and tribunal capacity issues threaten long-term sustainability (Cheema & Gilani, 2015). Comparative lessons from India, the Netherlands, South Africa, and the US illustrate that judicial activism has revolutionary potential and pitfalls. Singapore's governance approach allows for institutional accountability and integrated planning change (Peel & Osofsky, 2020; Kotzé, 2022; Tan, 2020). The study found that judicial activism has stimulated reform but cannot replace systemic governance. To ensure resilience, justice, and sustainability for current and future generations, Pakistan must move from judicial declarations to administrative compliance and integrate climate justice within strong institutional frameworks (Hunter, 2021; Boyd, 2024). Keywords: Judicial Activism, Climate Governance in Pakistan, Environmental Constitutionalism, Public Interest Litigation (PIL), Comparative Climate Jurisprudence, Intergenerational Equity, Institutional Reform, and Compliance.

This paper aims to study the impact of the US-China trade war on Pakistan by analyzing the bilateral trade data from 2012 to 2025. The findings indicate that despite the reduction in the US-China trade imbalance during the initial phase of the trade war, diversification of trade supply chains and trade rerouting enabled the trade flows to rebalance, thus avoiding a long-term rebalancing. However, Pakistan experienced benefits from trade diversion, in particular, increased exports to the US in the period 2018-2022, largely of textiles. Due to structural constraints like limited industrial capacity, lack of export diversification, and energy issues, Pakistan was not able to fully capitalize on new opportunities. At the same time, Pakistan's dependence on China for its trade grew and the volume of imports rose, including intermediate goods, machines and goods linked to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), continuing to contribute to the country's burgeoning trade deficit. The study recommends that Pakistan should undertake a balanced economic policy with both the US and China, increase its competitiveness, attract export-oriented foreign direct investment, and diversify its export portfolio.