Physical Education Health and Social Sciences

The paper investigates the often-ignored but crucial role of women in countering violent extremism (CVE) in terms of their dual agency in promoting and countering extremist ideologies and violence. Traditionally, counterterrorism policy has been male-dominated and heavily security-focused, but some recent evidence shows that women can strategically develop community-based opportunities for the early detection of radicalization and dissemination of counter-narratives. Their contributions to countering violent extremism become invisible as a result of gender-blind contexts, limited representation, and failure to analyze intersections. By analyzing the current literature and accompanying case studies, it becomes evident that there are pressing gaps in research and policy, including data gathering, program design, and long-term impact assessment. The study recommends the incorporation of gender into CVE programs, additional support for women-led efforts, and the inclusion of women in decision-making and policy roles. By engaging women meaningfully in CVE, effectiveness will be increased and aid in fostering an inclusive and sustainable practice of peacebuilding

Abstract Background Nurses have been an eminent part of the healthcare force. Primarily focusing on patient interactions with nurses as they are the main healthcare providers. They are also responsible for patient care and wellness during their stay at the hospital or any medical vicinity. Nurses are specialized in patient care which involves their role as counselors, healers, and caregivers. Methods The paper aims to involve issues on the intersection of nurses' communication and its relative relation with the patient's healing. This paper aims to explore how verbal and non-verbal communication impacts the patient's perception of the disease, develops the notion of one's disease, and impacts patient care delivery. This exploratory research focuses on the significance of nursing staff communication with patients. The research is done in their natural settings and the methodology involves a qualitative thematic analysis followed by in-depth interviews in hospitals. Results The empirical data is collected from a sample of ten participants, belonging to diverse socio-cultural backgrounds. The six main themes identified in verbal communication are pitch, tone, and choice of words, whereas non-verbal communication includes listening skills, body language, and the sense of social touch. The result indicates that effective communication improves patients’ health. Cultural linguistic barrier significantly affects the patients in such a way that they do not comprehend their needs. Conclusion Nurses are essential healthcare providers who specialize in patient care, acting as counselors, healers, and caregivers. This paper explores the impact of nurses' communication on patients' healing, examining how verbal and non-verbal communication affects patients' perceptions of their illness and the quality of care they receive. The study highlights the importance of effective communication between nursing staff and patients and shows that effective communication improves patients’ health outcomes.

This systematic synthesis integrates recent literature from 2015 to 2025 to explore K-12 teachers' professional development and the common challenges they encounter in instructing STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) learning. STEAM, as a combined K-12 learning approach, is conceptualized to prepare students for 21st-century workforce demands with essential learning skills; notwithstanding, successful implementation is usually hindered by systemic and pedagogical barriers. Our synthesis reveals prominent barriers, such as rigid curricula, resource constraints, insufficient preparation for interdisciplinary and intrapersonal competencies, and inconsistent administrative support. Successful methodologies, by contrast, value the potential of experiential, interdisciplinary and intrapersonal and iterative professional learning to broaden the self-efficacy of teachers, construct interdisciplinary and intrapersonal knowledge bases, and integrate technology. authentic classroom practice is invariably characterized by culturally responsive, inquiry-based, and student-centered learning environments. The synthesis provides practical recommendations for teachers, policymakers, and professional learning leaders to incorporate tailored support and adaptive structures to allow teachers to facilitate meaningful STEAM learning experiences.

The growing reliance on cloud computing has made data centers central to global digital infrastructure, but this growth has also caused a sharp rise in energy demand and carbon emissions [1], [2]. Conventional approaches to scheduling workloads mainly focus on improving efficiency and reducing operational costs, often overlooking the environmental impact of electricity generation [3]. This paper introduces a carbon-aware framework that combines artificial intelligence–based prediction of regional carbon intensity with dynamic workload management across distributed data centers [4], [5]. The framework applies time-series forecasting to anticipate fluctuations in grid emissions and reinforcement learning to optimize workload allocation in real time [6], [7]. By jointly considering service-level agreements (SLAs), cost, and environmental factors, the approach achieves a balanced trade-off between performance and sustainability [8]. Experimental evaluation using real workload traces and carbon intensity data indicates that the proposed system can lower emissions by as much as 40 percent relative to baseline scheduling strategies, with only marginal effects on SLA compliance and cost [9], [10]. The findings suggest that predictive, AI-driven methods can play a significant role in moving large-scale cloud infrastructures toward carbon neutrality [11], [12].

The convergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing has created a highly distributed, data-intensive ecosystem that drives innovation across industries. However, the same integration introduces complex cybersecurity risks due to device heterogeneity, scalability requirements, and dynamic threat landscapes [1], [4], [7]. Traditional security measures are insufficient in such environments, creating demand for adaptive, intelligent, and proactive defense mechanisms [16], [17]. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers powerful capabilities for intrusion detection, anomaly detection, malware analysis, and predictive threat modeling [3], [6], [9]. This paper explores how AI techniques ranging from machine learning and deep learning to federated and reinforcement learning are being applied to strengthen IoT–cloud ecosystems against evolving cyberattacks [2], [10], [11]. The discussion covers architectural models, real-world deployments, challenges such as adversarial AI, privacy, and compliance, and emerging directions like explainable AI and quantum-safe security [13], [24], [30]. The study concludes that AI-driven cybersecurity has transformative potential but requires careful balancing of efficiency, interpretability, and resilience to ensure trust in IoT–cloud ecosystems [19], [23], [31].

This study explores the influence of wearable technology on athlete motivation, with a specific focus on the role of real-time feedback. As wearable devices such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and heart rate monitors become increasingly integrated into sports training, understanding their psychological impact is essential. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, the study investigates how wearable tech affects intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, goal-setting behaviors, and training consistency. A quantitative research design was employed, involving 100 amateur and semi-professional athletes aged 18–35 who regularly use wearable devices. Data were collected using the BREQ-3 motivation scale and a custom survey assessing wearable use and perceived impact. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied, including Pearson correlation and independent samples t-tests. Findings indicate a moderate positive correlation between wearable use and intrinsic motivation, and a high percentage of athletes reported that real-time feedback supported their goal setting and training adherence. While some extrinsic motivation was present, intrinsic motivation remained the dominant driver. No significant gender differences in motivation levels were found. The study concludes that wearable technology can enhance athletic motivation, especially when used to support autonomy and self-improvement. However, caution is advised to avoid over-reliance on external metrics. The results have practical implications for athletes, coaches, and technology developers seeking to optimize the psychological benefits of performance tracking tools.

Background: Cultural humility is becoming a core concept in nursing, and specifically in the more multicultural healthcare settings of the present day. While cultural competence is more about learning about others, cultural humility is characterized by a more profound, more introspective process rooted in self-awareness, humility, and ongoing commitment to personal and professional development. Aim: The aim of this concept analysis is to investigate and clarify the concept of cultural humility in nursing with an emphasis towards distinguishing it from its related constructs and to establish its application in the promotion of culturally safe and responsive care. Method: The study utilized Walker and Avant's eight-step concept analysis approach. A comprehensive literature review assisted in identifying the most important attributes, antecedents, consequences, empirical referents, and illustrative cases to better understand cultural humility in nursing practice. Result: Cultural humility has been described as an iterative, introspective process characterized by openness to others' experiential realities, rigorous self-reflection, awareness of current power dynamics, and respectful dialogue with all cultural groups. Precursors of note are individual self-reflection, diversity and inclusion training, and extensive cross-cultural contact. Cultural humility outcomes are improved patient-provider communication, enhanced therapeutic relationships, and mitigation of health disparities. Conclusion & Implementation: Cultural humility as a core virtue of the times facilitates fair, inclusive, and patient-centered care. Integration of this practice into nursing education, practice, and leadership can potentially drive social justice in health care and enable the establishment of trust in diverse cultural settings. To operationalize cultural humility in practice, institutions need to integrate it into curricula, clinical policy, and organizational culture. Interventions include integrating reflective practice into curricula, establishing continuing cultural conversation in clinical environments, and developing mentorship models that honor lived experience and multiple viewpoints. With these initiatives, cultural humility can be a sustained and actionable aspect of nursing professionalism and patient advocacy.

Metal-based nanoparticles (M-NPs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials with exceptional potential in diverse biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical, biological, and functional properties. This mini-review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the synthesis, functionalization, and biomedical utilization of M-NPs. The review highlights key applications of M-NPs in antimicrobial therapy, drug delivery, cancer treatment, biosensing, and diagnostic imaging. Special emphasis has been placed on recent innovations, including smart/functionalized nanoparticles, surface modification strategies for targeted delivery, nano-hybrids, multi-metallic systems, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which have significantly enhanced the therapeutic performance of M-NPs. The review also discusses how these nanoparticles work, including creating ROS, breaking down membranes, binding to DNA/RNA, changing proteins, and causing cell death, which all contribute to their effectiveness in medicine. However, significant clinical barriers such as toxicity, biosafety issues, and regulatory limitations have so far hampered their progress. Thereafter, the future vantage point for the advancement remains on the introduction of safer methods, personalized nanomedicine, nanoenabled regenerative medicine, and multifunctional intelligent NPs and the interviewing way from the laboratory research to the clinic. In general, metal-based nanoparticles are a powerful and promising platform in nanomedicine that will be part of future healthcare strategies.

The kidneys eliminate waste, pollutants, and unnecessary water from the bloodstream, which helps to sustain general health. Impaired kidney functioning can have solemn effects for someone's health. Machine learning (ML) approaches have revealed to be operative tools for enlightening clinical decision-making and reducing ambiguity. However, current approaches for detecting kidney disease are frequently imprecise because to biological characteristic constraints. This study delivers a progressive machine learning model that forecasts renal illness by combining preprocessing procedures, hyper parameter optimization, feature selection and Machine Learning algorithms. To improve detection accuracy, a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used in aggregation with an attention mechanism. The model identifies kidney anomalies, for example cysts, stones, and cancers, as markers of renal illness. The model was validated using k-fold cross-validation, and the dataset contained around 4000 photos (1000 in each class). The suggested CNN with concentration model has a remarkable accuracy of 99.87% in diagnosing various kidney disease kinds. This version simplifies the language and simplifies the process while leaving the important elements intact.

Harassment has emerged as a critical threat to women’s participation in workplaces and digital spaces globally. In Pakistan, rapid internet penetration, smartphone proliferation, and misuse of social media through fake identities have expanded opportunities for women in education, employment, and civic engagement while simultaneously increasing vulnerability to Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence (TFGBV). Forms of TFGBV including cyberstalking, cyberbullying, online threats, identity theft, image-based abuse, non-consensual dissemination of intimate content, and coordinated harassment campaigns are rising. Despite PECA 2016, digital abuse continues to undermine women’s psychological well-being, confidence, freedom of expression, and public contribution. This study examines factors influencing women’s online safety in Pakistan through social, cultural, technological, legal, and institutional lenses. Using qualitative desk research of National Police Bureau data, Ministry of Human Rights reports, Digital Rights Foundation helpline data 2022-2025, FIA cybercrime statistics, Federal Ombudsperson records, and academic literature, the study analyzes the multidimensional nature of digital harassment. Findings show 173,367 cases of violence against women registered 2021-2024 with a 101% increase over four years. Cyber harassment complaints rose from 2,695 in 2022 to 3,171 in 2024. Women in journalism, politics, activism, and public advocacy face disproportionate abuse. While PECA 2016 provides legal recourse, implementation gaps, low conviction rates below 2.5%, institutional capacity constraints, and limited public awareness reduce effectiveness. Emerging threats from AI, deepfakes, and automated abuse compound risks. The study concludes that improving women’s digital safety requires multidimensional action: stronger legal enforcement, enhanced digital literacy, platform accountability, victim support mechanisms, gender-sensitive policymaking, and collaboration among government, civil society, educational institutions, and technology companies. This research contributes to TFGBV scholarship and offers evidence-based recommendations for safer digital environments in Pakistan.

Groundwater constitutes over 90% of the world's readily accessible freshwater, supplying drinking water to approximately two billion people and supporting 40% of global agricultural irrigation. However, widespread overexploitation has triggered severe depletion across major aquifer systems worldwide, with global annual groundwater depletion doubling from 126 ± 32 km³/year in 1960 to 283 ± 40 km³/year by 2000. This review synthesizes global groundwater depletion trends, examines severe regional case studies, evaluates sustainable management frameworks, and highlights advanced data-driven strategies for long-term water security. Seven nations India, Pakistan, Iran, the United States, China, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia account for the vast majority of global depletion volumes, driven primarily by subsidized energy policies, uncontrolled tube-well expansion, and water-intensive agricultural practices. The review analyzes irreversible geomechanical impacts, including land subsidence exceeding 35–50 cm/year in Mexico City and permanent aquifer storage loss estimated at ~17 km³/year globally. Supply-side interventions via Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and demand-side controls are evaluated, revealing the "Efficiency Paradox" where irrigation efficiency improvements fail to reduce net basin-scale abstraction due to rebound crop expansion. The review emphasizes emerging data-driven technologies, including GRACE/GRACE-FO satellite gravimetry, InSAR geodesy, machine learning downscaling, and Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) integrated into subsurface Digital Twins. The synthesis concludes that achieving long-term water security requires polycentric governance aligned with hydrostratigraphic boundaries, enforceable volumetric pumping caps, virtual water trade tracking, and strategically sited MAR infrastructure monitored through physics-constrained artificial intelligence protecting global ecosystems, food production, and human water security for future generations.

Pakistani Healthcare Waste Management is regulated on the national and provincial level, but unsafe segregation, storage, transportation, treatment, disposition, lack of documentation, informal recycling, and inconsistent enforcement are prevalent issues. This conceptual paper explores the reasons for the lack of uniform implementation of regulations, despite the presence of formal regulations in healthcare facilities in Punjab. The study, which employs an integrative review of academic literature, regulatory documents and policy reports, consolidates evidence of the procedural inefficiencies, coordination among stakeholders, institutional capacity, governance and contextual differences between public and private hospitals and between metropolitan and suburban settings. The principal difficulty, according to the review, is that while there are regulations, there is a lack of coordination along the healthcare waste supply chain, including among hospitals, contractors, transporters, treatment operators, regulators and informal players. Drawing lessons from these concepts, Supply Chain Risk Management, stakeholder coordination, contingency thinking, and the idea of “antifragile”, the paper introduces a conceptual framework that is context-sensitive, focusing on: responsibility mapping; risk-based governance; competency development; decentralized treatment options; and digital traceability, including RFID, IoT, AI and blockchain. The proposed framework offers a foundation to enhance the implementation of regulations and sustainable healthcare waste management and propositions for future empirical testing in Pakistan and similar developing-country contexts.

Nurses represent a Susceptible population during Clinical Practice due to repeated exposure to infectious agents in healthcare settings. Adherence to infection prevention and control (IPC) practices is critical for patient safety and occupational health. However, gaps in knowledge and compliance among Nurses remain a significant problem. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and compliance with IPC practices among pre-registration Nurses (Bachelor of Science in Nursing program) in Central Punjab, Pakistan, during Clinical Practice, and to identify factors influencing compliance. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed. A total of 150 pre-registration Nurses (BSN program) were engaged for a purpose sampling from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Lahore, Central Punjab. Data was collected using a questionnaire comprising sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge items, and compliance assessment. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25; descriptive and logical statistics were applied. The mean knowledge score was 74.3% (SD = 9.1), indicating a moderate-to-good level of knowledge. However, compliance scores were notably lower, with a mean of 61.8% (SD = 11.4). The most frequently reported barriers to compliance were lack of time (68%), unavailability of supplies (54%), and high patient workload (49%). Knowledge score was significantly associated with compliance (r = 0.612, p < 0.001). Students with prior IPC training demonstrated significantly higher compliance (p = 0.003). While Nurses demonstrate adequate theoretical knowledge of IPC, compliance during clinical practice remains suboptimal. Structured IPC training programs, adequate supply of protective equipment, and supervisory support are recommended to bridge the knowledge-practice gap.

In Pakistan, rural women play multi-dimensional tasks to reduce food Insecurity as food producers and food processors. However, their participation in these activities is about fifty percent of labour force. This study was planned with the objective to determine the involvement of the rural women in rural development. Pakistan is an underdeveloped nation with more than 162 million populations. Farming is the pillar of the economy. It has utilized 43.8% of the work power. More than 52% of the nation's populace involves women. Rustic women play a huge part in different enclosures of life. They are dynamic members in agribusiness, domesticated animals administration and poultry farming, moreover their cooperation in group advancement and social relations are unmistakable. They likewise need to play out the local errands of cooking, cleaning the house, washing garments, cultivate the children and getting water what's more, fuel supplies for local utilization. In spite of the fact that they play out the majority of the above specified undertakings, in any case, because of absence of assets, data, and specialized direction, they need to face troubles to meet the difficulties of the time. On record of their different distractions they lose their life time chance of training, nourishment and Medicare. The objective zone was Locale Chakwal which comprises of five tehsils names Kalar Kahar, Talagang, Chakwal, Chohasaidan Shah, and Lawa. . Out of these five Tehsils three were selected randomly names Chakwal, Kalar Kahar and Chohasaidan Shah. In order to get representative sample from selected Tehsil one village from each Tehsil were randomly selected. These three villages names Thoha Bahahdur, Nikkah Kahut, Kalar Kahar were selected for final sample of 360 respondents out of total population 17586 at the 95 % confidence level with 0.05 degree of Accuracy/Margin of Error through Sekaran table. The outcomes uncovered that most of the women were included in yield creation exercises, for example, vocational activities swing cutting knitting handicrafts, wheat reaping and drying of farming produce at the requesting of first, second and third separately. In domesticated animals part, exercises like yogurt making, draining, milk stockpiling are the main three exercises performed by women. The concentrate additionally delineated an empowering reaction against sex inclination in fields like instruction and preparing. The majority of the women (i.e., 360) chose every day preparing design for their ability improvement. Rather than sociological limitations of the zone, the desperate need of the women is preparing and training in harvest generation exercises, animal’s administration, poultry creation and drying of leafy foods.

English textbooks are essential tools for language learning at the secondary level. This study evaluates the Class 10 English textbook by the Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro (2025), authored by Prof. Fatima Shahabuddin, Ms. Faiza Qureshi, and Ms. Munazza Mahmood, and approved by curriculum specialists, was selected for this study. It provides lessons and exercises aligned with the Sindh curriculum, making it a reliable source for evaluating English language content at the secondary level. In this paper the instrument used for data collection is modification of Cunnings worth’s (1995) formulated by Al-swat (2012).In this study nine checklists for textbook evaluation. Nine evaluation scales were used: layout, content, objectives, language type, skills, activities, structure and vocabulary, cultural values, and teachers’ needs, communicative activities and teacher support materials. The findings indicate that the textbook is generally appropriate for learners but some need to improve in the text book.

Phytotherapy has been used as an adjunct or alternative approach for managing dental complaints, however, limited evidence exists regarding the knowledge, perceptions, and practices related to herbal product use among urban populations in Pakistan. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perceptions, and practices regarding the use of herbal products for dental problems among dental patients living in urban area of Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 participants using a convenience sampling technique. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire comprising 15 closed-ended questions, covering participants' knowledge, perceptions, and practices related to herbal product use for dental conditions. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, and associations between demographic variables and questionnaire responses were assessed using the Chi-square test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. 66% participants believed that herbal products could treat dental problems and 78% reported using clove oil or salt water for dental pain. However, only 35% were aware of possible side effects, and only 31% consulted a doctor or dentist before using herbal remedies. Nearly one quarter believed that naswar was beneficial for oral health. Significant associations with age and gender were observed, including combined use of herbal and conventional medicine, information-seeking before herbal product use, oral hygiene practices, and herbal use for systemic conditions. These findings highlight the need to improve public awareness of the proper use of herbal products and encourage dentists to routinely ask patients about herbal medicine use during dental consultations to appropriately guide and educate patients.

Background: Simulation-based teaching is widely known as an effective learning method and is widely used today in the education of nursing students to improve their competence, the development of critical thinking skills, and patient safety. Despite the potential of simulation-based teaching, limited evidence is available on nursing faculty members' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards simulation-based teaching in Pakistan where the faculty preparedness is very important for successful implementation of simulation-based teaching. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study among 104 nurses' faculty of 6 nursing institutes of Lahore, Pakistan. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants, who then filled out a structured questionnaire to measure the variables of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors that were measured, regarding simulation-based teaching. Data analysis employed in the study was SPSS Version 27 with Likert scale validated instruments. Data of the participant and study variables were summarized using descriptive statistics and the relationship and the predictor of simulation-based teaching behavior was examined using Spearman correlation, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analyses. All participants provided informed consent and the relevant institutional review boards provided ethical approval. Results: A total of 104 nursing faculty members participated in the study. The mean knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores were 1.98 ± 0.51, 1.95 ± 0.51, and 3.23 ± 1.05, respectively. Knowledge was significantly and positively correlated with attitude (ρ = 0.489, p < 0.001). Knowledge scores differed significantly across age groups (F = 3.810, p = 0.012), while attitude scores varied significantly according to qualification level (F = 4.941, p = 0.009). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that attitude was the only significant predictor of simulation-based teaching behavior (β = 0.310, p = 0.006). Conclusion: Nursing faculty demonstrated moderate knowledge and attitudes toward simulation-based teaching, while attitudes were found to be the strongest predictor of simulation-related teaching behavior. Strengthening faculty development initiatives and institutional support may enhance the effective integration of simulation-based teaching and improve the quality of nursing education in Pakistan.

Workplace harassment in hospitals affects nurses' wellbeing and can reduce the quality of patient care. Effective prevention depends on nurses' awareness of legal protections and their confidence in using institutional reporting mechanisms. Objective: To assess nurses' knowledge and attitudes about workplace harassment laws and reporting mechanisms at a tertiary care public hospital in Lahore, and to examine the association between knowledge and reporting attitudes. Methods: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 254 registered nurses selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using an adapted Workplace Violence in Healthcare Settings questionnaire with additional items on legal knowledge and reporting confidence. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 26 using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test (p<0.05 considered significant). Results: Verbal abuse was the most common form of harassment (70.1%), followed by humiliation or ridicule (55.9%); physical assault was reported by 18.1% of nurses. Participants strongly agreed that harassment affected their emotional wellbeing (mean 1.82) and caused fear when interacting with certain individuals (mean 1.95). Fear of retaliation was the strongest barrier to reporting (mean 2.12). Awareness of the Protection Against Harassment Act, 2010 was present in only 40.2% of nurses, and knowledge of external mechanisms such as FOSPAH and helplines was low. Knowledge level was significantly associated with reporting attitude (χ² = 18.72, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Workplace harassment was common among nurses and was predominantly non-physical in nature. Legal knowledge and awareness of reporting mechanisms were limited, and fear of retaliation reduced nurses' readiness to report. Strengthening legal literacy, confidentiality, and institutional response is recommended to improve reporting and protection for nurses.

Domestic violence among Afghan refugees in Pakistan remains substantially under-studied and inadequately addressed by existing humanitarian frameworks. This qualitative study investigates the socio-cultural construction of masculinity among Afghan refugee men and its relationship to the prevalence, forms, causes, and consequences of domestic violence within encamped refugee communities in District Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Guided by Intersectionality Theory (Crenshaw, 1989, 1991), complemented by Connell’s (1995) theory of hegemonic masculinity and feminist structural analysis of gender-based violence (Dobash & Dobash, 1979; Walby, 1990), the study draws upon 36 individual in-depth interviews with Afghan refugee women and men, 15 focus group discussions (~135 participants), and 10 key informant interviews with service provider professionals. Thematic analysis following the reflexive model of Braun and Clarke (2006, 2019) was employed. The findings demonstrate that masculinity is socially constructed around five interconnected roles — provider, protector, physically strong man, emotionally enduring man, and authoritative decision-maker — each of which is both culturally embedded and structurally disrupted by displacement, producing what the study conceptualises as a masculinity crisis. Domestic violence is documented as pervasive, normalised, and structurally embedded, encompassing physical, psychological, economic, and social forms, with its causes rooted in the intersection of patriarchal social structures, economic hardship, emotional suppression, and limited education and awareness. An intersectional analysis reveals that women’s vulnerability is shaped not by gender alone but by the convergence of age, marital status, educational attainment, economic status, health, disability, physical appearance, and access to family and social networks. The study makes original contributions to the literature on refugee masculinities, gender-based violence in humanitarian settings, and the application of Intersectionality Theory to displaced communities, and carries significant implications for humanitarian policy and gender-transformative programming.

Background: Neonatal jaundice affects nearly 60% of term and 80% of preterm neonates during the first week of life. Although physiological jaundice is usually benign, delayed recognition and inappropriate management may progress to severe hyperbilirubinemia, acute bilirubin encephalopathy, and kernicterus, causing irreversible neurological damage or death. Maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) are central to early recognition and timely care-seeking, yet awareness among Pakistani mothers remains poorly characterized. Objective: To assess maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding neonatal jaundice and to identify associated socio-demographic and healthcare-related factors among mothers attending a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 180 mothers of neonates admitted to the neonatal and pediatric units of a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitude, and practice domains (Cronbach's α = 0.802; Scale-Level Content Validity Index = 0.958). Data were analyzed in SPSS version 24 using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression (p<0.05 considered significant). Results: The valid response rate was 96.4%. Good knowledge of neonatal jaundice was demonstrated by 46.4% of mothers, and only 41.7% actively sought information about the condition. Postgraduate maternal education (OR = 5.977; 95% CI: 1.994–17.916), previous education regarding neonatal jaundice (OR = 3.617; 95% CI: 1.637–7.993), and having a male infant (OR = 1.714; 95% CI: 1.122–2.617) were significantly associated with good knowledge. Positive maternal attitudes were associated with postpartum support from a trained maternity attendant (OR = 1.969; 95% CI: 1.264–3.066) and good knowledge (OR = 1.804; 95% CI: 1.194–2.726). Appropriate maternal practices were significantly associated with previous education (OR = 2.260; 95% CI: 1.105–4.625) and good knowledge (OR = 3.112; 95% CI: 2.040–4.749). Conclusion: Maternal knowledge regarding neonatal jaundice remains inadequate among many mothers attending tertiary healthcare facilities. Educational attainment and previous health education significantly shape maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Strengthening antenatal counselling, postnatal education, and community-based awareness programs is recommended to improve early recognition and timely healthcare-seeking behavior, thereby reducing preventable neonatal morbidity.