Journal of Complementary Medicine Research

Himalayan region is rich in biological diversity and the communities residing in the region largely depend on it for food, healthcare and other livelihood practices. Use of various floral species in healthcare remedies play significant role on the life of the Himalayan peoples. The present interview based study was conducted in the Asi Ganga Sub-basin of Uttarakhand in the western Himalaya. A total of 60 respondents (31 males and 29 females) from the seven selected villages of the study area were involved in this study. We documented use of 76 wild medicinal plants in primary healthcare remedies by the local community. Maximum species (9 species) represented to the Rosaceae family followed by family Lamiaceae (4 species), Ranunculaceae (3), Berberidaceae (3), Pinaceae (3) and Ericaceae (3 species) respectively. The study observed that the traditional healthcare system was still prevalent among the people and mostly preferred before allopathic treatment. However, the knowledge on medicinal uses of plant species was restricted to elderly members of the community and the younger ones were unaware or knew very less about such practices. Transfer of traditional knowledge system (TKS) to the new generation was restricted to a very few individuals and seems to be declining, which could be a key reason behind limited knowledge on traditional practices among the younger members. Apart from the use in healthcare, many of these medicinal plants were important for livelihood of the community residing in the Asi Ganga Sub-basin, as it was contributing about 35-40 percent of average household income. However, the utilization pattern for economic benefit was perceived to be very critical for the sustainability of these valuable resources and associated traditional practices.

Periodontal disease is the most common oral condition of the human population. Several risk factors such as smoking, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, medication, age, hereditary, and stress are related to periodontal diseases. Robust evidence shows the association of periodontal diseases with systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases and diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of periodontitis among patients with and without systemic diseases. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study which was conducted using the patient records from the Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. 1000 patients were chosen by non-probability sampling and were categorized into two groups; Group 1 (n=500): patients without systemic diseases and Group 2 (n=500): patients with systemic diseases. Data regarding the study participant’s periodontal status was collected and then subjected to statistical analysis. It was observed that out of 500 systemically healthy patients, 135 patients suffered from periodontitis, 365 patients suffered from gingivitis and out of the 500 systemically compromised patients, 412 patients suffered from periodontitis and 88 patients suffered from gingivitis. In the present study it was observed that 82.4% of systemically compromised patients had periodontitis and 27% of systemically healthy patients had periodontitis. From this, it was concluded that systemically compromised patients are more prone to periodontitis in comparison to systemically healthy patients.

Background: Oxidative stress mediated cell damage is implicated in ageing and pathogenesis of several diseases including inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Combating the menace of oxidative stress requires improvement in endogenous antioxidant defense system or supplementation with exogenous antioxidants. Although synthetic and plant derived antioxidant food, supplements and molecules have been discovered, insects, the largest class in the animal kingdom remains an unexploited resource. Aim: This present review evaluated insects and their products as sources of natural antioxidants, as wildly documented in literatures. Method: Information related to this topic was retrieved using Pubmed, google scholars and google electronic databases. Insects’ chemical constituents, nutritional and therapeutic benefits in oxidative stress intermediated disorders were emphasized. Results: Insects possess antioxidant compounds which aid in curbing various pathologies. Out of various categories of insects, termites, beetles, grasshopper and blowfly evaluated, the bees, Apis mellifera’s products, royal jelly and Propolis were the most extensively studied and also displayed promising antioxidant activities compared to other insects. In-vitro, in-vivo and clinical studies from the aforementioned literatures, especially the bee category validates the fact that edible insects are a potential source of novel bioactive compounds in chronic diseases and ageing. Conclusion: As numerous diseases are oxidative stress mediated, application of edible insects and their products for culinary and therapeutic purposes is crucial. More researches in this field would aid in the development of insect derived antioxidant molecules.

Aim: The aim of this study was to document the ethnobotanical knowledge of the indigenous Ati tribe in Brgy. Cubay Sur, Malay, Aklan, Philippines. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted in March 2019 to 31 purposively selected key informants to determine the therapeutic use of medicinal plants in their traditional medicine. Different indices such as Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and Fidelity level (FL) were used to determine the plant importance. Results: A total of 106 medicinal plant species in 48 families and 95 genera were used by the Ati to treat 62 diseases across 14 categories. The family Asteraceae was best represented with 10 species, followed by Lamiaceae with 8, and Apocynaceae and Poaceae with 6 species each. The most frequently used plant parts were leaves and roots while the most common mode of preparation was decoction. Plants with the highest UV were Musa paradisiaca for treating fever and headache, Blumea balsamifera for cough, and Plectranthus scutellarioides also for fever and headache. The highest ICF value was cited in the category 9, diseases of the visual system with Euphorbia hirta (90% FL) as frequently used species for treating sore eyes. Conclusion: This documentation of ethnobotanical plants used by the Ati showed their rich and diverse traditional practices in addressing their primary health care needs. This also serves as a basis for further pharmacological research in drug discovery and formulation.

Ethnobotany encompasses multidisciplinary fields such as systematics and taxonomy, pharmacognosy, pharmacology, phytochemistry, ecology, and conservation biology. This review article gives an account of the current status, challenges, recommendations and future perspectives of Philippine ethnobotanical studies on indigenous communities. Data mining related to ethnobotanical studies was performed retrieving updated search from online databases using series of keywords showing the elements of Philippine ethnobotany. Other literature was sourced from the university library. Philippine ethnobotanical studies still prevail and strengthen the dynamic nature of traditional knowledge among diverse cultural communities. Medical ethnobotany remains the central interest and continually attracted researchers in various fields of discipline. While some of these traditional practices have existed throughout the centuries, most studies reported a threatening loss of knowledge as the younger generation has changed or vanishing. We assessed that the traditional knowledge of indigenous communities is still under- documented across several ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines. Challenges may vary in different cultures and localities. Philippine ethnobotanical studies enhance the quality of science by providing compensation to cultural groups with benefit-sharing and taking into account the importance of their plant resources and environmental concerns. Ethnobotanical surveys present the rich traditional plant knowledge of ethnic groups allowing them to make more educated decisions about their future directions. We recommend quantitative evaluations and experimental assessments of medicinal plants following ethics and standardized data-collecting protocols. Given our findings, we hope to encourage future researchers to formulate clear plans and systematically document ethnobotanical knowledge in the country before it is lost and forgotten.

Background: Vitex peduncularis (Verbenaceae), popularly known as ‘Boruna’, ‘Goda’, ‘Ashmul gaas’ (Chakma), ‘Korobaong’ (Marma), is frequently used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of chest pain, joint ache, malarial fevers, diabetes, jaundice, urethritis, and abnormality in eyes and face. Objective: To validate the traditional use, this study was designed to investigate the anti-nociceptive (in vivo) and anthelmintic (in vitro) activity of ethanol extract of V. peduncularis leaves (EEVP). Moreover, computational studies viz. in silico molecular docking, ADME/T, and PASS predictions study were performed to ascertain the association of isolated compounds for the anti-nociceptive and anthelmintic activity as well as their good oral bioavailability and safety traits. Methods: Quantitative phytochemical study of EEVP was carried out by established methods. The anti-nociceptive activity was determined using acetic acid induced writhing and formalin induced paw licking test in mice at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, body weight, whereas an aquarium worm, Tubifex tubifex was used to determine the anthelmintic activity. In silico Molecular docking study was performed using Schrodinger Maestro 10.1 whereas the SwissADME, admetSAR, and PASS online tools were used for ADME, toxicological property, and biological activity predictions respectively. Results: Our quantitative phytochemical study of EEVP revealed the occurrence of a substantial amount of phenolics (121.67 mg), flavonoids (97.78 mg), flavonols (39.88 mg), and condensed tannins (63.49 mg). EEVP exhibited significant and dose-dependent anti-nociceptive activity in both experimental pain models. Besides, EEVP has manifested strong anthelmintic property compared to reference standard drug levamisole. Molecular docking study showed that 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vitexin, corosolic acid, vitexilactone, and tormentic acid have the best binding affinities towards the respective enzymes (COX-1, COX-2, and tubulin). PASS study also predicted the anti-nociceptive and anthelmintic activity of all isolated compounds. Additionally, ADME/T study exhibited that all the compounds are safe and orally bioavailable from the druggable point of view. Conclusion: The outcomes of our scientific investigation (in vivo, in vitro, and computational studies) significantly support the ethno-medicinal use of this plant, which might be a utilized as an alternative source for the potential drug discovery.

Introduction: Swarna Bhasma (SB) is a charismatic Ayurvedic drug known for its miraculous therapeutic functions for protecting human health. Consistency in the efficacy and safety of SB has largely been attributed to its manufacturing process. The quality assurance of SB has been based on the parameters listed in ancient texts of Ayurveda, however, there is a need for machine-based, reliable and repeatable characterization methods for estimation of gold content, particle shape and size, etc. Methods: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics of SB manufactured by Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan Pvt. Ltd. Jhansi, India. SB was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive-ray analysis (EDX) and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Results: In XRD analysis, the diffraction pattern showed the presence of four major peaks at 2θ value of 37.170, 44.350, 64.530 and 77.500, which corresponds to gold as per the International Centre for Diffraction Database (ICDD) reference. The EDX results showed high purity of gold (97.40% w/w) in the sample along with Na, Fe, Al, K, Ag and Ca in trace amounts. The mean particle size of gold is found to be 2.633 μm by PSA. The particle size by SEM is in the range of 3-4 µm. The morphological characteristics of the gold particles were spherical and mostly irregular in shape and seen to be agglomerated. Conclusion: The physico-chemical analysis of each batch of samples of SB should be carried out by the manufacturing companies, to rule out variations during manufacturing practices for ensuring its therapeutic efficacy and safety.

Periodontal disease is characterised by gingival inflammation loss of connective tissue attachment and bone loss. These changes are associated with pathologic tooth migration. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of pathological migration in patients with periodontitis. Retrospective data collection was conducted from June 2019 to March 2020 among 157 patients with generalised chronic periodontitis who reported to the Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. Both clinical and radiographic images were used to assess the presence and type of pathological migration and the results were analysed. Among the various types of pathological migration studied like diastema, crowding, spacing, mesial tilt and distal tilt, it was found that spacing between the teeth (53 sites) was the most common and the distal tilt of the tooth (5 sites) was the least common type of pathologic migration.

Background: The genus Echinops (Asteraceae family, Echinopeae class) consists of ca. 120 species and is native to Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. In Algeria, this genus is represented by the very common species Echinops spinosus L. also known as "tesskra," which is used as a diuretic, hypoglycemic, for stomachic effects, liver disorders, and post-partum care.Objective: The aim of this presentation is to provide an overview of the ethnopharmacognosy studies conducted on E. spinosus in North Africa. Data on ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activity were systematically compiled.Methods: Several popular search databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Stanford libraries were scrutinised to extract relevant information. The research focused only on English-written papers published between 1980 and 2017.Results: Echinops spinosus L. is traditionally used in North Africa, and it was found that the most ethnomedicinal use reports were from Morocco and Algeria. Promising results have been reported regarding its phytochemistry and pharmacological activity. Forty-three compounds were isolated from different parts of this species. No studies have been conducted to highlight the toxicity and clinical safety of this species.Conclusion: This review highlights the therapeutic potential of E. spinosus used in traditional medicine. Furthermore, clinical trials on standardized preparations are necessary to explore the full safety and efficacy of E. spinosus in North Africa.

Aim: Nigella sativa oil has been shown to improve metabolic syndrome-associated dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. Effects of N. sativa oil on letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-associated hormonal, metabolic, redox, and lipid dysregulation in rats were investigated. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=10 per group): control, PCOS, and PCOS treated with N. sativa oil (5 mL/kg/day or 10 mL/kg/day) once daily p.o. starting at day 7 after the commencement of letrozole (1mg/kg) until day 56. Body weight and estrous cycle were recorded starting from days 7 and 28 respectively until day 56. Rats were dissected and serum and ovaries were collected for biochemical and histomorphological assessments. Results: N. sativa oil (10 mL/kg/day) treatment significantly increased: number of rats undergoing regular cycle (80% vs 20%; p< 0.05), average number of regular cycles (5.00±0.59 vs 0.20±0.42; p< 0.05), appearance of corpus luteum; but reduced number of cystic follicles (7.60±1.51 vs 6.10±0.19; p< 0.05) in PCOS rats. Body weight was also reduced by the oil in PCOS rats. However, ovarian weight, granulose and theca cells layers showed no significant change. The oil also restored altered circulating levels of gonadotropins, steroids and reduced fasting blood glucose. The ovarian total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, malondialdehyde were markedly reduced while insulin sensitivity and ovarian high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were greatly increased. Conclusion: N. sativa oil improved polycystic ovarian-morphology and metabolic disorders via its anti-androgenic and insulin-sensitizing actions to ameliorate PCOS-associated dyslipidemia and redox disturbances.

The article discusses the features of surgical prevention of thrombosis in modern conditions. The author notes that due to the high risk of death, thrombosis that occurs during surgical interventions of various types have a significant impact on the quality of medical care in the surgical environment. Accordingly, it is very important to determine the risk of postoperative venous thromboembolism and evaluate the features of its prevention. A particular risk is the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which combines deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Experts call it a multifactorial and serious disease. Accordingly, it is very important to study theoretical and practical approaches to the organization of prevention of thrombosis in particular and VTE in general in surgical practice, since even a competently and effectively performed operation can cause the death of a patient. Accordingly, the purpose of this work is to identify the features of surgical prevention of thrombosis and VTE in modern conditions.

The article studies oral hygiene measures as a preventive measure in the field of maintaining the general health of the patient. According to the author, oral health is much more than beautiful and healthy teeth. This is of fundamental importance for the general state of health and affects the well-being and quality of life of each person. Oral health affects oral function and human social interactions and is closely related to overall health and quality of life. Oral health is an integral part of overall health, and one affects the other. Improper nutrition, smoking, alcohol consumption and poor oral hygiene are the most significant factors affecting the occurrence of various diseases of the oral cavity. Diet affects the development of caries, tooth erosion, periodontitis, oral cancer and many other diseases of the soft tissues of the oral cavity. Smoking is associated with oral cancer, gum and periodontal diseases, periimplantitis, discoloration of teeth, bad breath, changes in taste buds and difficulties healing wounds after surgery. High alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of developing oral cancer or other potentially malignant diseases, periodontitis, caries and xerostomia. Poor oral hygiene can lead to the development of caries and periodontitis, and is also associated with heart disease, cancer and diabetes. Many of these oral diseases can be prevented by informing about risk factors. Oral hygiene is a critical factor in maintaining good oral health and is therefore linked to overall health and quality of life. The most effective method of preventing caries or periodontitis is the removal of plaque by regular and proper mechanical brushing of teeth, which is a key step in maintaining oral health.

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the impacts of earth magnetic field (ErMF) on animal nervous system evolution especially electric and histological properties of nerves. We have applied for the first time, as far as we know, a correlation betwen the influence of ErMF and temperature on supraconductor-like behavior in the siatic nerves of four species. Our question point to answer to the a possible link between magnetic change and climate change and to explain in part the possible implication of both parameters in animal nervous system adaptation and evolution. Our results seem to support the existence of a link between ErMF variation and superconductor-like behavior in nerves. The found link does not mean that the ErMF is fully responsible of the histological, electric properties of nerves and climate changes. The data reveal a decrease in nerve resistivity in chameleon and frog, chick and rabbit; showing a superconductor-like behaviour. Analysis of electrical properties demonstrated a clear grade shift at critical temperature (Tc) from poikilotherm (average of ΔT = 11.50) to homeotherm (average of ΔT = 38.00); indicating adaptive nerves changes during evolution confirmed by the increase of Schwann cells number.

Human are vulnerable to the terrible disease named cancer, which is a major factor in the high mortality rate. There are currently lesser DLTs (Deep learning techniques) or MLTs (machine learning techniques) for identifying cancer, despite advances in cancer treatment approaches. The proposed work performs a comparative study which compares the some significant DLTs like RFs (Random Forests), LSTMs (Long Short Term Memories), CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks) and BPNNs (Back Propagation Neural Networks). These techniques are used here in this work for classification problem. The techniques are made to classify the medical records into benignand cancerous. Three pathological datasets are used to evaluate the above said techniques. CNNs provide the best performance of 0.97 accuracy and it is even good at its values of precisions, recalls and F1 scores.

Wound healing is a complicated process in which the skin or the afflicted organ heals itself after an injury. In numerous animal models, scientific validation for the use of most of these botanical parts and species in the management and treatment of prenatal and postnatal complications has been reported. As a result of its bioactivity, biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, structural and chemical similarity to bone and teeth, host tissue bonding ability, and absence of inflammatory characteristic, it has the capacity to regenerate tissue. Our study aimed to identify the wound healing property of Tridax procumbens in Clinical models. In this study we have identified the various phytochemical activities such as cytotoxic effect, anti inflammatory, anti microbial, free radical scavenging and wound healing activity of tridax procumbens. It was found that Tridax procumbens accelerated the healing process by enhancing the epithelial regeneration of wounds. The potent activity of the herbal formulation can be attributed to the phyto-constituents present in the formulation enhance the wound healing effect. Additional research is necessary to understand both the target-based mechanism of action and other pharmacological effects

Introduction: In recent years, there has been a resurgence in the use of traditional medicinal herbs, and as a result, pharmaceutical companies are investing heavily in developing natural medications derived from plants. Nanoparticles act in a number of potential ways and fields. Chemical synthesis of nanoparticles is no longer advantageous compared to plant-based synthesis. The current study uses a green method to create silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing flower extract. Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory activity for gel was tested by the following convention proposed by Muzushima and Kabayashi with specific alterations. 0.05 mL of Rosa and jasminum jel of various fixations. Result: Using rosa and jasminum extract in the manufacture of silver nanoparticles, the nanoparticles showed remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. It was discovered that the cytotoxic effect was less harmful, demonstrating biocompatibility. Rosa jasminum extract of AgNps showed good anti-inflammatory efficacy in the EA and BSA assays. Conclusion: From our study we concluded that Silver nanoparticles were created using rosa and jasminum extract, and the nanoparticles displayed impressive anti-inflammatory.

Aim: To assess the characterization, antimicrobial activity of green synthesised magnesium oxide nanoparticles using Psydium guajava leaves. Materials And Methods: Psydium guajava leaves were dried and ground, of which 2 g of the powder was used for the study.the powder was then dissolved in 100ml of distilled water. 1 mg of magnesium chloride salt was dissolved in 20 ml of distilled water. Both the solutions were mixed and subjected to centrifuge. After the preparation of the nanoparticle, it was subjected for further investigation like SEM analysis, EDAX, UV-VIs, cytotoxicity and anti microbial tests. The cytotoxicity was investigated using a brine shrimps bioassay.The number of surviving naupli cells were manually counted under dissection microscope. The antibacterial activity was examined against four bacterial strains- E.coli, E.fecalis,S.aureus,P.aurogenosa by agar well diffusion method .The inoculated plates were incubated overnight (for about 24 hours at 37 degree celsius) and the inhibition zone around the nanoparticle solution was calculated. The antimicrobial tests were carried against standard antibiotic and the results were tabulated. Results: SEM analysis showed a particle size of 70 nm and the UV -Visible spectroscopy showed a peak at 320nm confirming the presence of magnesium oxide nanoparticles that is prepared using Psydium guajava. Cytotoxicty tests revealed that 83% of the brine shrimp cells survived .The anti microbial tests revealed that the nanoparticle was effective against two micro-organisms -S.aureus and E.fecalis and their zone of inhibition was nearly equal to that of standard antibiotic against which the organisms were incubated. Conclusion: Psydium guajava synthesized magnesium nanoparticles were found to have good cytotoxicity and acceptable anti-microbial activity especially against two most commonly harbouring micro-organism(S.aureus and E.faecalis) .Hence they can be extended for use in soft tissue healing.

Background: Dental caries still remain a highly prevalent disease among all age groups especially children. It is caused due to repetitive and/or prolonged demineralization of tooth enamel caused by exposure to low pH from organic acids produced by acidogenic oral bacteria during fermentation of dietary carbohydrates. Streptococcus mutans is a facultative anaerobic , gram positive cocci commonly found in the human oral cavity which plays an important role in causing dental caries. Moringa oleifera Lam. (drumstick tree) is a Moringaceae family member which possesses a variety of advantageous biological properties, such as immunomodulatory, anticancer, antiulcer and antimicrobial properties. Thymus vulgaris is a pleasant smelling perennial shrub which has a direct influence on many bacteria species. The use of combinations of these two EOs and their components are thus a new approach to increase the antimicrobial efficacy of EOs , taking advantage of their synergistic and additive effects. Materials and methods: The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of the essential oils. The MIC of Moringa, Thyme and combination of the both essential oils against S.mutans which were used in the assay were assessed at a different concentration level. Results: The antimicrobial activity of M.oleifera, T.vulgaris and combination of both the essential oils was proven with the MIC value of 2.5%v/v, 0.03906% and 0.03906% respectively. Conclusion: The combination of Moringa oleifera and Thymus vulgaris essential oil can be used as a good antimicrobial agent to treat various Streptococci borne oral infections. Further incorporation of this oil into the drug formulations is also recommended to treat S.mutans borne oral as well as systemic infections.

Introduction: Rose (rosa canina) is one of the flowers that are much in demand by the community because besides being an ornamental flower it can also be used as a cosmetic. Traditional medicinal herbs have seen a rebound in recent years, and as a result, pharmaceutical companies are investing heavily in developing natural medications derived from plants. Aim: To study the Anti-diabetic activity of Rose Jasmine formulation mediated silver nanoparticles. Materials and methods: The anti-diabetic activity was tested by the following inhibition of α-glucosidase at different concentrations of the prepared extract mediated with silver nanoparticles. Result: Using rosa and jasminum extract in the manufacture of silver nanoparticles, the nanoparticles showed remarkable anti-diabetic activity. It was discovered that the herbal effect was less harmful. Rosa jasminum extract of AgNps showed good anti-diabetic efficacy in the BSA assays. Conclusion: Result of this study suggest that biosynthesis of silver nano particle using rose and Jasmine showed its anti diabetic activity

Background: Vernonia amygdalina is generally known as sour leaf or bitter leaf which is one among the medically significant plants in African and Mediterranean regions. Hence, this study aids the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using V.amygdalina for the first time and further it aims to investigate the cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the V.amygdalina mediated copper nanoparticles. Methods: Cytotoxic effect of Copper sulphate nanoparticles reinforced with Vernonia amygdalina extract were assessed using Brine Shrimp Assay at 5 µL, 10 µL, 20 µL, 40µL and 80µL, anti-inflammatory activity using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and antioxidant activity using DPPH Assay at 5 µL, 10 µL, 20 µL, 30 µL, 50 µL. Results: As the concentration increased, the cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles increased. It was found that the values for anti-inflammatory properties of nanoparticles was higher than the standard values at 30µL, 40µL, 50 µL concentrations. Percentage of inhibition was highest at 40 µL (85.7%) and 50 µL (92.6%). The values for antioxidant properties of nanoparticles were found to be higher than the standard values at 10 µL and 20 µL and almost equal in 30 µL concentrations. Conclusion: Vernonia amygdalina mediated copper nanoparticles have very less cytotoxic effects. It also has a potential to serve as a good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent.