ZooKeys

GeoCAT is an open source, browser based tool that performs rapid geospatial analysis to ease the process of Red Listing taxa. Developed to utilise spatially referenced primary occurrence data, the analysis focuses on two aspects of the geographic range of a taxon: the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the area of occupancy (AOO). These metrics form part of the IUCN Red List categories and criteria and have often proved challenging to obtain in an accurate, consistent and repeatable way. Within a familiar Google Maps environment, GeoCAT users can quickly and easily combine data from multiple sources such as GBIF, Flickr and Scratchpads as well as user generated occurrence data. Analysis is done with the click of a button and is visualised instantly, providing an indication of the Red List threat rating, subject to meeting the full requirements of the criteria. Outputs including the results, data and parameters used for analysis are stored in a GeoCAT file that can be easily reloaded or shared with collaborators. GeoCAT is a first step toward automating the data handling process of Red List assessing and provides a valuable hub from which further developments and enhancements can be spawned.

We synthesize data on all known extant and fossil Coleoptera family-group names for the first time. A catalogue of 4887 family-group names (124 fossil, 4763 extant) based on 4707 distinct genera in Coleoptera is given. A total of 4492 names are available, 183 of which are permanently invalid because they are based on a preoccupied or a suppressed type genus. Names are listed in a classification framework. We recognize as valid 24 superfamilies, 211 families, 541 subfamilies, 1663 tribes and 740 subtribes. For each name, the original spelling, author, year of publication, page number, correct stem and type genus are included. The original spelling and availability of each name were checked from primary literature. A list of necessary changes due to Priority and Homonymy problems, and actions taken, is given. Current usage of names was conserved, whenever possible, to promote stability of the classification.New synonymies (family-group names followed by genus-group names): Agronomina Gistel, 1848 syn. nov. of Amarina Zimmermann, 1832 (Carabidae), Hylepnigalioini Gistel, 1856 syn. nov. of Melandryini Leach, 1815 (Melandryidae), Polycystophoridae Gistel, 1856 syn. nov. of Malachiinae Fleming, 1821 (Melyridae), Sclerasteinae Gistel, 1856 syn. nov. of Ptilininae Shuckard, 1839 (Ptinidae), Phloeonomini Ádám, 2001 syn. nov. of Omaliini MacLeay, 1825 (Staphylinidae), Sepedophilini Ádám, 2001 syn. nov. of Tachyporini MacLeay, 1825 (Staphylinidae), Phibalini Gistel, 1856 syn. nov. of Cteniopodini Solier, 1835 (Tenebrionidae); Agronoma Gistel 1848 (type species Carabus familiaris Duftschmid, 1812, designated herein) syn. nov. of Amara Bonelli, 1810 (Carabidae), Hylepnigalio Gistel, 1856 (type species Chrysomela caraboides Linnaeus, 1760, by monotypy) syn. nov. of Melandrya Fabricius, 1801 (Melandryidae), Polycystophorus Gistel, 1856 (type species Cantharis aeneus Linnaeus, 1758, designated herein) syn. nov. of Malachius Fabricius, 1775 (Melyridae), Sclerastes Gistel, 1856 (type species Ptilinus costatus Gyllenhal, 1827, designated herein) syn. nov. of Ptilinus Geoffroy, 1762 (Ptinidae), Paniscus Gistel, 1848 (type species Scarabaeus fasciatus Linnaeus, 1758, designated herein) syn. nov. of Trichius Fabricius, 1775 (Scarabaeidae), Phibalus Gistel, 1856 (type species Chrysomela pubescens Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy) syn. nov. of Omophlus Dejean, 1834 (Tenebrionidae). The following new replacement name is proposed: Gompeliina Bouchard, 2011 nom. nov. for Olotelina Báguena Corella, 1948 (Aderidae).Reversal of Precedence (Article 23.9) is used to conserve usage of the following names (family-group names followed by genus-group names): Perigonini Horn, 1881 nom. protectum over Trechicini Bates, 1873 nom. oblitum (Carabidae), Anisodactylina Lacordaire, 1854 nom. protectum over Eurytrichina LeConte, 1848 nom. oblitum (Carabidae), Smicronychini Seidlitz, 1891 nom. protectum over Desmorini LeConte, 1876 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Bagoinae Thomson, 1859 nom. protectum over Lyprinae Gistel 1848 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Aterpina Lacordaire, 1863 nom. protectum over Heliomenina Gistel, 1848 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Naupactini Gistel, 1848 nom. protectum over Iphiini Schönherr, 1823 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Cleonini Schönherr, 1826 nom. protectum over Geomorini Schönherr, 1823 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Magdalidini Pascoe, 1870 nom. protectum over Scardamyctini Gistel, 1848 nom. oblitum (Curculionidae), Agrypninae/-ini Candèze, 1857 nom. protecta over Adelocerinae/-ini Gistel, 1848 nom. oblita and Pangaurinae/-ini Gistel, 1856 nom. oblita (Elateridae), Prosternini Gistel, 1856 nom. protectum over Diacanthini Gistel, 1848 nom. oblitum (Elateridae), Calopodinae Costa, 1852 nom. protectum over Sparedrinae Gistel, 1848 nom. oblitum (Oedemeridae), Adesmiini Lacordaire, 1859 nom. protectum over Macropodini Agassiz, 1846 nom. oblitum (Tenebrionidae), Bolitophagini Kirby, 1837 nom. protectum over Eledonini Billberg, 1820 nom. oblitum (Tenebrionidae), Throscidae Laporte, 1840 nom. protectum over Stereolidae Rafinesque, 1815 nom. oblitum (Throscidae) and Lophocaterini Crowson, 1964 over Lycoptini Casey, 1890 nom. oblitum (Trogossitidae); Monotoma Herbst, 1799 nom. protectum over Monotoma Panzer, 1792 nom. oblitum (Monotomidae); Pediacus Shuckard, 1839 nom. protectum over Biophloeus Dejean, 1835 nom. oblitum (Cucujidae), Pachypus Dejean, 1821 nom. protectum over Pachypus Billberg, 1820 nom. oblitum (Scarabaeidae), Sparrmannia Laporte, 1840 nom. protectum over Leocaeta Dejean, 1833 nom. oblitum and Cephalotrichia Hope, 1837 nom. oblitum (Scarabaeidae).

'Carabidologists do it all' (Niemelä 1996a) is a phrase with which most European carabidologists are familiar. Indeed, during the last half a century, professional and amateur entomologists have contributed enormously to our understanding of the basic biology of carabid beetles. The success of the field is in no small part due to regular European Carabidologists' Meetings, which started in 1969 in Wijster, the Netherlands, with the 14th meeting again held in the Netherlands in 2009, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the first meeting and 50 years of long-term research in the Dwingelderveld. This paper offers a subjective summary of some of the major developments in carabidology since the 1960s. Taxonomy of the family Carabidae is now reasonably established, and the application of modern taxonomic tools has brought up several surprises like elsewhere in the animal kingdom. Progress has been made on the ultimate and proximate factors of seasonality and timing of reproduction, which only exceptionally show non-seasonality. Triggers can be linked to evolutionary events and plausibly explained by the "taxon cycle" theory. Fairly little is still known about certain feeding preferences, including granivory and ants, as well as unique life history strategies, such as ectoparasitism and predation on higher taxa. The study of carabids has been instrumental in developing metapopulation theory (even if it was termed differently). Dispersal is one of the areas intensively studied, and results show an intricate interaction between walking and flying as the major mechanisms. The ecological study of carabids is still hampered by some unresolved questions about sampling and data evaluation. It is recognised that knowledge is uneven, especially concerning larvae and species in tropical areas. By their abundance and wide distribution, carabid beetles can be useful in population studies, bioindication, conservation biology and landscape ecology. Indeed, 40 years of carabidological research have provided so much data and insights, that among insects - and arguably most other terrestrial organisms - carabid beetles are one of the most worthwhile model groups for biological studies.

Classic studies have successfully linked single-species abundances, life-history traits, assemblage structures and biomass of carabid beetles to past and present, human-caused environmental impacts and variation in 'natural' conditions. This evidence has led many to suggest carabids to function as 'indicators' - a term that bears multiple meanings. Here, a conservation-oriented definition for an indicator is used, carabid indicator potential from seven views is evaluated, and ways to proceed in indicator research are discussed. (1) Carabid species richness poorly indicates the richness and abundance of other taxa, which underlines the importance of using multiple taxa in environmental assessments. The ability of assemblage indices and specialist or functional-group abundances to reflect rare species and habitats should be examined in detail. (2) Experimental evidence suggests that carabids may potentially serve as keystone indicators. (3) Carabids are sensitive to human-altered abiotic conditions, such as pesticide use in agro-ecosystems and heavy metal contamination of soils. Carabids might thus reflect ecological sustainability and 'ecosystem health'. (4) Carabid assemblages host abundant species characteristic of particular habitat types or successional stages, which makes them promising dominance indicators. (5) Carabids reflect variation in 'natural' conditions, but vegetation and structural features are more commonly adopted as condition indicators. Carabids nevertheless provide yet another, equally accurate, view on the structure of the environment. (6) Carabids may function as early-warning signalers, as suggested by recent studies linking climate and carabid distributions. (7) Carabids reflect natural and human-caused disturbances and management, but the usefulness of these responses for conservation purposes requires further research. In summary, European carabids appear useful model organisms and possibly indicators because they are diverse, taxonomically and ecologically well-known, efficiently reflect biotic and abiotic conditions, are relevant at multiple spatial scales, and are easy to collect in sufficiently large numbers to allow statistical analyses. The assumption that carabid responses would reflect rare environmental conditions or the responses of rare and threatened species ‒ crucial information for conservationists and managers ‒ has not yet been critically evaluated. Even if it holds, the usefulness will be context dependent: species and their populations vary, conditions vary, questions put forward vary, and assessment goals vary.

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has voted in favour of a revised version of the amendment to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature that was proposed in 2008. The purpose of the amendment is to expand and refine the methods of publication allowed by the Code, particularly in relation to electronic publication. The amendment establishes an Official Register of Zoological Nomenclature (with ZooBank as its online version), allows electronic publication after 2011 under certain conditions, and disallows publication on optical discs after 2012. The requirements for electronic publications are that the work be registered in ZooBank before it is published, that the work itself state the date of publication and contain evidence that registration has occurred, and that the ZooBank registration state both the name of an electronic archive intended to preserve the work and the ISSN or ISBN associated with the work. Registration of new scientific names and nomenclatural acts is not required. The Commission has confirmed that ZooBank is ready to handle the requirements of the amendment.

The overarching aim of the atlas is to communicate the potential risks of climatic change to the future of European butterflies. The main objectives are to: (1) provide a visual aid to discussions on climate change risks and impacts on biodiversity and thus contribute to risk communication as a core element of risk assessment; (2) present crucial data on a large group of species which could help to prioritise conservation efforts in the face of climatic change; (3) reach a broader audience through the combination of new scientific results with photographs of all treated species and some straight forward information about the species and their ecology. The results of this atlas show that climate change is likely to have a profound effect on European butterflies. Ways to mitigate some of the negative impacts are to (1) maintain large populations in diverse habitats; (2) encourage mobility across the landscape; (3) reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses; (4) allow maximum time for species adaptation; (4) conduct further research on climate change and its impacts on biodiversity. The book is a result of long-term research of a large international team of scientists, working at research institutes and non-governmental organizations, many within the framework of projects funded by the European Commission.\nEach chapter may be browsed/downloaded from the links below:\n\n 0. COVER, TITLE PAGE, CONTENTS [PDF, 608 KB]\n A. CLIMATE CHANGE, BIODIVERSITY, BUTTERFLIES, AND RISK ASSESSMENT [PDF, 208 KB]\n B. METHODOLOGY [PDF, 516 KB]\n C. CLIMATE RISKS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLY SPECIES. Introduction and Hesperidae [PDF, 5.6 MB]; Papilionidae [PDF, 1.61 MB]; Pieridae [PDF, 5.0 MB]; Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, Libytheidae [PDF, 12 MB]; Nymphalidae, Danaidae [PDF, 21.2 MB]; Non-modelled species and summary [PDF, 328 KB]\n D. DISCUSSION OF METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS [PDF, 572 KB]\n E. OUTLOOK: CLIMATE CHANGE AND BUTTERFLY CONSERVATION [PDF, 228 KB]\n F. APPENDICES, REFERENCES AND INDEX [PDF, 424 KB]\n\nFull-color paperback (EURO 59.00) and/or hardback (EURO 89.00) versions may be ordered at info@pensoft.net.

A common terminology for the external morphological characters of centipedes (Chilopoda) is proposed. Terms are selected from the alternatives used in the English literature, preferring those most frequently used or those that have been introduced explicitly. A total of 330 terms are defined and illustrated, and another ca. 500 alternatives are listed.

The geographic distribution of coyotes ( Canislatrans ) has dramatically expanded since 1900, spreading across much of North America in a period when most other mammal species have been declining. Although this considerable expansion has been well documented at the state/provincial scale, continent-wide descriptions of coyote spread have portrayed conflicting distributions for coyotes prior to the 1900s, with popularly referenced anecdotal accounts showing them restricted to the great plains, and more obscure, but data-rich accounts suggesting they ranged across the arid west. To provide a scientifically credible map of the coyote’s historical range (10,000–300 BP) and describe their range expansion from 1900 to 2016, we synthesized archaeological and fossil records, museum specimens, peer-reviewed reports, and records from wildlife management agencies. Museum specimens confirm that coyotes have been present in the arid west and California throughout the Holocene, well before European colonization. Their range in the late 1800s was undistinguishable from earlier periods, and matched the distribution of non-forest habitat in the region. Coyote expansion began around 1900 as they moved north into taiga forests, east into deciduous forests, west into costal temperate rain forests, and south into tropical rainforests. Forest fragmentation and the extirpation of larger predators probably enabled these expansions. In addition, hybridization with wolves ( C.lupus , C.lycaon , and/or C.rufus ) and/or domestic dogs has been documented in the east, and suspected in the south. Our detailed account of the original range of coyotes and their subsequent expansion provides the core description of a large scale ecological experiment that can help us better understand the predator-prey interactions, as well as evolution through hybridization.

An annotated check list of the North American species of Noctuoidea (Lepidoptera) is presented, consisting of 3693 species. One-hundred and sixty-six taxonomic changes are proposed, consisting of 13 species- group taxa accorded species status (stat. n. and stat. rev.), 2 revalidated genus-group taxa (stat. rev.), and 2 family-group taxa raised to subfamily. Sixty-nine species-group taxa are downgraded to junior synonyms or subspecies (stat. n., syn. rev., and syn. n.), and 6 genera relegated to synonymy. Sixty-seven new or revised generic combinations are proposed. No new taxa are described. Six non-native species now believed to be established in North America are documented for the first time, namely Simplicia cornicalis (Fabricius, 1794), Nola cucullatella (Linnaeus, 1758), Tyta luctuosa ([Denis & Schiffermuller], 1775), Oligia latruncula ([Denis & Schiffermuller], 1775), Niphonyx segregata (Butler, 1878) and Hecatera dysodea ([Denis & Schiffermuller], 1775). The check list is arranged according to species membership in higher-level taxa (family, subfamily, tribe, subtribe), based on the most recent working hypotheses of a comprehensive phylogenetic framework for the Noctuoidea.

Diverse crocodyliforms have been discovered in recent years in Cretaceous rocks on southern landmasses formerly composing Gondwana. We report here on six species from the Sahara with an array of trophic adaptations that significantly deepen our current understanding of African crocodyliform diversity during the Cretaceous period. We describe two of these species (Anatosuchus minor, Araripesuchus wegeneri) from nearly complete skulls and partial articulated skeletons from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation (Aptian-Albian) of Niger. The remaining four species (Araripesuchus rattoides sp. n., Kaprosuchus saharicus gen. n. sp. n., Laganosuchus thaumastos gen. n. sp. n., Laganosuchus maghrebensis gen. n. sp. n.) come from contemporaneous Upper Cretaceous formations (Cenomanian) in Niger and Morocco.

A checklist of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) in South Korea is presented, comprising the previously recorded 15 genera and 31 species and also the five newly recorded taxa, totaling 36 species. Two new species of Zeyanus Huber, Z. knuz Triapitsyn & Kim, sp. nov . and Z. sunayez Triapitsyn & Kim, sp. nov ., are described and illustrated from South Korea and Japan. An updated key to females of Zeyanus species is provided. Newly recorded from South Korea are Mymar ermak Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, M. maritimum Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy, and M. pulchellum Curtis. Dicopomorpha Ogloblin and D. koreana Triapitsyn & Berezovskiy are reported for the first time from Taiwan (China). COI sequences are obtained for three species of Mymar Curtis ( M. ermak , M. maritimum , M. pulchellum ) as well as for Zeyanus sunayez as a contribution to building a genetic library of fairyflies.

The systematics of freshwater mytiloid bivalves has long been confounded by morphological convergence, particularly among East Asian taxa traditionally assigned to Sinomytilus . In this study, an integrative revision of Chinese Sinomytilus sensu lato was conducted, combining shell morphology, anatomical observations, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses, mitogenome-based phylogeny, and molecular dating. Our results demonstrate that Sinomytilus as currently defined is polyphyletic. Sinomytilus swinhoei from the Yangtze and Yellow river basins clusters with Limnoperna species rather than with the type species S. harmandi from Southeast Asia, whereas the small-bodied species from Lake Fuxian forms an independent lineage. Divergence time estimates indicate that the freshwater modiolid clade originated in the middle Jurassic (~173 Ma), coinciding with pronounced sea-level fluctuations around the Aalenian–Bajocian. Accordingly, a new genus is erected, Shenzhousia Zheng, Wang, He & Xiang, gen. nov . (type species: Sinomytilus swinhoei ), and a new subfossil species described, Shanomytilus frendae Wang, Zheng, He & Xiang, sp. nov ., from the Quaternary Luliang Basin. This study clarifies the taxonomy of East Asian freshwater mytiloids and provides new insights into marine–freshwater transitions and the evolutionary significance of ancient lake systems.

For the first time, species of Katianiridae are recorded from the Southwest Atlantic Ocean: Natalianira bicornuta sp. nov . from the Mar del Plata submarine canyon and Natalianira megalocera sp. nov . from the Marine Protected Area Namuncurá-Burdwood Bank are described. Both species can be distinguished from Natalianira spinosa Kensley, 1984, the only currently known species of this genus, by having (1) distal margin of the first article of the antennula produced, (2) a single row of mid-dorsal bumps on the pereonites 1–7, and (3) uropods distinctly extending beyond the posterior margin of the pleotelson. The geographic and bathymetric ranges of the genus Natalianira are extended.

This study presents a detailed checklist of the genus Sorolopha from China, based on examination of museum specimens, published records, and recent fieldwork. A total of 36 species are recognized and documented from China, including information on type depositories, type localities, distributions, relevant literature, and available biological data. Two species, S. irirectangulata Hu & Yu, sp. nov . and S. specialis Hu & Yu, sp. nov ., are described as new to science. Four species, S. baribaris Sakagami, 2023, S. bathysema Diakonoff, 1973, S. ghilarovi Kuznetsov, 1988, and S. suthepensis Patibhakyothin & Pinkaew, 2015, are newly recorded from China, and the female gentitalia of S. suthepensis are described for the first time. DNA barcodes are newly reported for 15 species, together with a maximum-likelihood tree and an analysis of genetic divergence to aid species delimitation. Illustrations of adults and genitalia of the new species are provided, with images of the larva and pupa of S. herbifera (Meyrick, 1909). A key to the Chinese species based on male genitalia and a distribution map of Sorolopha in China are also included.

Based on morphological comparisons and molecular phylogenetic analyses, a new species of the genus Leptobrachella from Mayanghe National Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province, China, is described, Leptobrachella mayanghe sp. nov . Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI gene sequences supported the new species as an independent lineage. The uncorrected p -distances of the 16S rRNA and COI genes between the new species and its closest congeners ( L. wulingensis , L. yongshunensis and L. xinshaoensis ) are 1.8–3.4% and 8.5–9.3%, respectively. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: (1) SVL 27.4–31.8 mm in males; (2) toes rudimentarily webbed, without lateral fringes; (3) tympanum distinct, not surrounded by prominent tubercles; (4) dorsal surface shagreened, with dense small raised tubercles and irregular longitudinal ridges; (5) ventral surface creamy white, indistinct brown markings on lateral abdomen and chest; (6) distinct black spots present on flanks; (7) heels slightly overlapping when hindlimbs are flexed at right angles to the body axis; and (8) tibia-tarsal articulation reaching the middle of the eye; (9) iris uniformly bright copper-colored. The discovery of this new species enriches the diversity of Leptobrachella in the Wuling Mountain range and highlights the conservation value of Mayanghe National Nature Reserve.

Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 are widely used in integrated pest management, but their minute size and reduced morphology complicate identification. Using integrative taxonomy, we describe Trichogramma vitessoides Hu & Yang, sp. nov . from Guangdong, China, based on a laboratory colony established from parasitoids reared from naturally parasitised egg masses of Heortia vitessoides (Moore, 1885) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae), a defoliator of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng. Male genital morphology distinguishes the new species from morphologically similar congeners, particularly Trichogramma raoi Nagaraja, 1973, by differences in the shape of the dorsal extension, the aedeagus-to-apodeme ratio, and the length of the central ridges. The complete mitogenome is 16,221 bp in length, contains 37 genes, and has an A+T content of 84.4%. Bayesian and maximum-likelihood analyses based on the concatenated amino-acid sequences of the 13 mitochondrial protein-coding genes recovered the new species as sister to Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead, 1904. All 13 protein-coding genes had mean Ka / Ks ratios below 1, whereas atp8 showed the highest ratio, suggesting comparatively relaxed purifying selection. These results support recognition of the new species and expand genomic resources for Trichogramma systematics and biological control.

A new genus, Caucasirella gen. nov . (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae), is proposed for the Caucasian representatives of the genus Lyurella Derzhavin, 1939, namely Caucasirella fontinalis (Marin & Palatov, 2021), comb. nov . (the type species), Caucasirella shepsiensis (Sidorov, 2015), comb. nov ., Caucasirella asheensis (Palatov & Marin, 2021), comb. nov ., Caucasirella fanagorica (Palatov & Marin, 2021), comb. nov ., and Caucasirella mikhailovi (Marin & Palatov, 2021), comb. nov . Three new species, Caucasirella shapsuhica sp. nov ., Caucasirella mzymtiensis sp. nov ., Caucasirella lazareviensis sp. nov ., are also described from the hypogean (riverine hyporhea, springs) habitats of western foothills of the Russian Caucasus. An integrative approach using uni-locus (COI) phylogeny, morphological and geographical data clearly support the creation of a new genus for Caucasian species. Caucasirella gen. nov . could be separated from Hyrcanian Lyurella hyrcana Derzhavin, 1939 mainly by the presence of two or three coupling hooks in the retinacules of pleopods (vs. four hooks), a deep distal notch on the telson and, most notably, the absence of a peduncular distoventral distal serrate process of the uropod I in ♂♂. They probably diverged ca 10–7.5 Mya (Miocene), during the uplift of the area of the Caucasian Ridge. The morphology of juveniles of Caucasirella lazareviensis sp. nov ., described for the first time, revealed their significant difference from adults and important morphological features for the entire “ Synurella ” clade.

The endemic New Zealand braconid wasp tribe Pronkiini (type and only genus Pronkia van Achterberg, 1990) has, until now, been placed in the subfamily Meteorideinae. We obtained the first molecular data for Pronkia comprising sequences for five heritage gene fragments (the barcoding region of COI, the nuclear protein-coding elongation factor-1 alpha gene, and three ribosomal genes, 28S, 18S, and 16S) and analysed them together with data from a wide range of other non-cyclostome braconid subfamilies. None of our analyses support the inclusion of Pronkia within Meteorideinae; instead, Pronkia was placed in the strongly supported sigalphoid clade when each of the genes was analysed separately, as well as in the analysis of the combined dataset. In the latter, it was recovered as a sister group to Sigalphinae, but with very low support, essentially in a trichotomy with each of the three sigalphoid subfamilies monophyletic with both 100% UFB and SH-aLTR support. We therefore elevate Pronkiini to subfamily status, Pronkiinae stat. nov ., and provide a diagnosis of the new subfamily, along with a photographic portfolio of representative species. Morphological characters relevant to Pronkiinae stat. nov . relationships are discussed.

A new species of the arcid genus Anadara is described from intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats in Kuwait, northern Arabian/Persian Gulf. Anadara adiastola sp. nov . is diagnosed using shell morphology and soft-part anatomy and further assessed through COI sequence data. The new species is characterised by an oblong to subtrapezoidal shell, 31–35 radial ribs, weak cross bars mainly on the anterior ribs, and a thick periostracum forming long bristles, especially on the posterior slope. This combination of characters distinguishes it from all Anadara species previously recorded from the Arabian/Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and western Indian Ocean. COI sequences from Kuwaiti specimens formed a distinct and highly divergent lineage within Anadarinae, clearly separated from all available GenBank lineages and from the regional taxa considered morphologically. The nearest molecular lineages in public databases are geographically distant and include records affected by probable misidentifications, highlighting the current limitations of GenBank for comparative taxonomy in Anadara while supporting the distinctiveness of the Kuwaiti lineage. The integrative taxonomic approach combining morphological, anatomical, geographic, and molecular evidence supports the recognition of A. adiastola sp. nov . as a distinct species.

A new species is described from Thailand, Collotheca laddae sp. nov ., and a pictorial key to all Collotheca species and subspecies recorded in Southeast Asia is provided. The new species was discovered during a freshwater zooplankton identification workshop. This species is characterized by a five-lobed infundibulum with very small lateral lobes and short vibratile setae. The pictorial key was developed from a review of original descriptions and illustrations of all valid species of Collotheca and is designed to facilitate species-level identification based on live specimens. The discovery of C. laddae sp. nov ., together with the absence of new regional records for more than a decade, indicates that sessile rotifer diversity in Southeast Asia remains insufficiently explored.