ID Design 2012/DOOEL Skopje

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health-care burden worldwide. AIM: The aim of the study was to explore how the quality of life (QoL) of DM patients could be affected in the Aseer Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS: A cross-sectional, multicenter study in DM patients of both sexes and all age groups in Aseer Province were done using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The study was conducted between April 1, 2018 and November 25, 2018. RESULTS: A total of 418 patients completed our questionnaire, of which 240 (58%) were male and 178 (42%) were female. Furthermore, 50.23% were married and 104 (24.16%) were illiterate. We found that 403 (96.42%) respondents had type-2 DM and 315 (75.35%) had a family history of DM. In addition, 132 (31.57%) respondents were on monotherapy whereas only 61 (14.59%) were using combination therapy. Hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity (166, 39.71%) and peripheral neuropathy the most prevalent complication of DM (157, 37.56%). CONCLUSION: DM had a significant impact on QoL among patients from Aseer Province in KSA. Our study underscores the importance of generating data on QoL among DM patients.

BACKGROUND: Injuries caused by emergencies and accidents are increasing in the world. To prioritise patients to provide them with proper services and to optimally use the resources and facilities of the medical centres during accidents, the use of triage systems, which are one of the key principles of accident management, seems essential. AIM: This study is an attempt to identify available triage systems and compare the differences and similarities of the standards of these systems during emergencies and disasters through a review study. METHODS: This study was conducted through a review of the triage systems used in emergencies and disasters throughout the world. Accordingly, all articles published between 1990 and 2018 in both English and Persian journals were searched based on several keywords including Triage, Disaster, Mass Casualty Incidents, in the Medlib, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Google scholar, Irandoc, Magiran, Iranmedex, and SID databases in isolation and in combination using both and/ or conjunctions. RESULTS: Based on the search done in these databases, twenty different systems were identified in the primary adult triage field including START, Homebush triage Standard, Sieve, CareFlight, STM, Military, CESIRA Protocol, MASS, Revers, CBRN Triage, Burn Triage, META Triage, Mass Gathering Triage, SwiFT Triage, MPTT, TEWS Triage, Medical Triage, SALT, mSTART and ASAV. There were two primary triage systems including Jump START and PTT for children, and also two secondary triage systems encompassing SAVE and Sort identified in this respect. ESI and CRAMS were two other cases distinguished for hospital triage systems. CONCLUSION: There are divergent triage systems in the world, but there is no general and universal agreement on how patients and injured people should be triaged. Accordingly, these systems may be designed based on such criteria as vital signs, patient's major problems, or the resources and facilities needed to respond to patients' needs. To date, no triage system has been known as superior, specifically about the patients' clinical outcomes, improvement of the scene management or allocation of the resources compared to other systems. Thus, it is recommended that different countries such as Iran design their triage model for emergencies and disasters by their native conditions, resources and relief forces.

BACKGROUND: The high esthetic expectations from the prosthodontic restorations have directed the qualitative development of the materials towards the all-ceramic materials that are capable of replacing porcelain-fused-to-metal systems. AIM: This article reviews the literature covering the contemporary all-ceramic materials and systems with a focus on the chemical composition and materials' properties; also it provides clinical recommendations for their use. RESULTS: The glass-matrix ceramics and polycrystalline ceramics are presented, as well as recently introduced machinable materials, all-zirconia and resin-matrix ceramics. The specific properties of zirconia, such as transformation toughening, stabilisation of the crystallographic structure, low-temperature degradation and factors affecting the zirconia's ageing, are emphasised. CONCLUSION: The favourable properties of the resin-matrix ceramics, such as modulus of elasticity similar to dentin, shock-absorbing characteristics and high resilience and fracture resistance, are also covered in this article.

For more than a century, radiotherapy has been an effective treatment for oncologic patients. The Authors report a brief history of the radiation therapy and its actual indication for the treatments of cutaneous malignant diseases.

Phytoestrogens have structures that are very similar to endogen estradiol derived from plants. Phytoestrogens sources are widespread in Asian regions including in Indonesia. Its have health benefits including reproductive health, heart health, a role in weight loss, hormone-dependent tumours, bone and skin health, and the immune system. This review aimed to provide information on phytoestrogens' effect on human health.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most often primary cancer of the liver and is one if the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The incidence of HCC has geographic distribution with the highest levels in countries with developing economies. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have poor prognosis despite the achievements in surgery techniques and other therapeutic procedures and it is a reason why continuous attention should be paid to this issue. This article provides an overview of this disease based on an extensive review of relevant literature. The article summarizes the current risk factors, diagnosis, staging and the management of HCC.

BACKGROUND: Depression is prevalent during antenatal and postnatal stages of pregnancy. The effect of depression can be seen in complications during and after pregnancy, fetal growth retardation, abortions and preterm births. The literature abounds on postpartum depression (PD) while few studies are on antepartum depression (AD). AIM: The systematic review aims to compute the prevalence of AD from published articles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The published articles (26) used in this review were obtained from the search of the search keywords "Depressive conditions in pregnancy AND trimesters". All the articles were considered irrespective of language and their citation status as of the time of the query. Only articles that presented the prevalence mean and sample size were included. Articles on questionnaires filled by nonpregnant women and men were excluded. Articles that presented the prevalence of depression for the postpartum period only were excluded but were included if they addressed depression at both postpartum and trimester(s) of pregnancy. P-value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Analysis of the 26 articles showed that 4,303 subjects tested positive for depression in a sample of 28,248 pregnant mothers, giving the prevalence rate as 15%. Confounding was removed, and the sample size was adjusted to be 25,771 and 4,223 were screened to have depressive symptoms, thereby giving a new prevalence rate as 16.4%. It was also revealed that AD is most prevalent in the last trimester of pregnancy and least in the second trimester. Pregnancy duration and PD are not correlated with AD. This implies that AD can be observed in any period of the pregnancy and cannot predict the incidence of PD. CONCLUSION: Efforts must be intensified to monitor pregnant women during the third trimester to reduce the incidence of maternal depression during pregnancy, thereby reducing the prevalence.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic disease, is a public health problem that affects 8.5% adult population worldwide. The number of adults with DM has risen sharply from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. In 2012, 1.5 million individuals died because of DM and an additional 2.2 million deaths occurred because of high blood glucose level resulting in cardiovascular and other systemic diseases. DM brings huge economic loss to patients, their families, and healthcare systems. Globally, the cost of DM was US$1•31 trillion in 2015. AIM: This review article utilised the prevalence data of diabetes mellitus from the World Health Organization and International Diabetes Federation to provide a comprehensive picture of the disease in different parts of the world. METHODS: Electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to search the literature. The library resources of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia were used to retrieve studies on the topics of the present review. RESULTS: Systemic complications of DM include heart attack, kidney disease, limb loss, blindness, and peripheral nerve damage. More than 90% of diabetic patients were found to have oral manifestations. It is known that DM severely damages oral tissues causing periodontal disease, tooth loss, xerostomia, caries, burning mouth disorder, taste and salivary gland dysfunction, delayed wound healing, lichen planus, geographic tongue, and candidiasis. The evidence is mounting about a strong bidirectional relationship between DM and periodontal disease. Unfortunately, many diabetic patients are unaware of the association between DM and oral health, and only a small percentage of them visit the dentist for routine dental check-ups. Changes in lifestyles (control of blood glucose levels and self-care practices), regular dental check-ups with emphasis on periodontal assessment, and reinforcement of oral health instructions can effectively prevent oral complications of DM. Scaling and root planning are effective in improving glycemic control among diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: Dental professionals should be part of the multidisciplinary team that helps individuals with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: It seems qualitative measurements of subjective reactions are not appropriate indicators to assess the effect of noise on cognitive performance. AIM: In this study, quantitative and combined indicators were applied to study the effect of noise on cognitive performance. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 54 young subjects were included in this experimental study. The participants' mental workload and attention were evaluated under different levels of noise exposure including, background noise, 75, 85 and 95 dBA noise levels. The study subject's EEG signals were recorded for 10 minutes while they were performing the IVA test. The EEG signals were used to estimate the relative power of their brain frequency bands. RESULTS: Results revealed that mental workload and visual/auditory attention is significantly reduced when the participants are exposed to noise at 95 dBA level (P < 0.05). Results also showed that with the rise in noise levels, the relative power of the Alpha band increases while the relative power of the Beta band decreases as compared to background noise. The most prominent change in the relative power of the Alpha and Beta bands occurs in the occipital and frontal regions of the brain respectively. CONCLUSION: The application of new indicators, including brain signal analysis and power spectral density analysis, is strongly recommended in the assessment of cognitive performance during noise exposure. Further studies are suggested regarding the effects of other psychoacoustic parameters such as tonality, noise pitch (treble or bass) at extended exposure levels.

Pyogenic granuloma is a common benign vascular tumour occurring in all ages. Both skin and mucous membranes can be affected. Of pathogenetic importance are trauma, BRAF mutations and probably herpes virus type 1, Orf virus and/or human papilloma virus type 2. The tumour consists of capillary proliferations, venules and fibromyxoid stroma. The development of a lesion occurs in three stages and bleeding is a common symptom. The tumour can mimic various other vascular lesions, solid tumours, and soft tissue infections. In recent years, targeted tumour therapies have become the most common cause of drug-induced pyogenic granulomas. The backbone of treatment is surgical procedures including laser therapy. New developments in medical drug therapy include topical and systemic beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists timolol and propranolol. Drug therapy is an alternative for young children, ocular and periungual pyogenic granuloma.

Alcohol consumption among university students is a major public health concern. Medical students are exposed to high academic stress, which may influence risky drinking behaviors, although evidence remains limited in certain settings. Aim of the study was to examine the association between academic stress and episodic heavy drinking among medical students. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2025 among 147 students (75 first-year and 72 sixth-year) at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje. Data were collected using an anonymous online questionnaire based on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), along with questions on academic stress and social factors, in which the response categories (“never,” “rarely,” “sometimes,” “often,” and “daily”) represented participants’ self-assessment rather than predefined time intervals. Statistical analysis included the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and Spearman’s correlation (p < 0.05). Results: Alcohol consumption was reported by 84.35% of participants, with 98% classified as low-risk drinkers. Although 69.39% reported no binge drinking, approximately one-third reported occasional episodes. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between academic stress and binge drinking frequency (R = 0.1687; p = 0.0418), while no association was observed with overall drinking frequency or quantity. Conclusion: Academic stress is associated with episodic risky drinking among medical students. Addressing stress may help reduce binge drinking behaviors in this population.

BACKGROUND: The management of periapical lesions remains a significant clinical challenge, requiring careful consideration of endodontic treatment, surgical intervention, or extraction. Clinical decision-making is influenced by the restorability of the tooth, periodontal status, previous endodontic treatment, anatomical factors, and the patient’s individual circumstances and preferences. OBJECTIVE: To present contemporary clinical approaches to the management of periapical lesions, with particular emphasis on decision-making between primary endodontic treatment, orthograde retreatment, surgical endodontics, and extraction, and to provide practical guidelines for achieving predictable treatment outcomes. METHODS: The lecture reviews clinical guidelines and treatment strategies for the assessment and management of teeth with periapical pathology. Particular attention is given to tooth restorability, periodontal prognosis, pulpal and periapical diagnosis, the feasibility of orthograde retreatment, and indications for surgical endodontics, including apicoectomy and lesion enucleation. Clinical and anatomical considerations, including the use of CBCT and the assessment of potential risks to adjacent anatomical structures, are discussed. RESULTS: A clinical decision-making approach is presented to guide the selection between nonsurgical endodontic treatment, retreatment, surgical intervention, and extraction. Surgical management is considered particularly in cases of persistent apical pathology following adequate root canal treatment, inaccessible apical anatomy, suspected cystic lesions, or when retreatment may compromise an important restoration. Factors associated with extraction, including vertical root fracture, non-restorable tooth structure, poor periodontal prognosis, and repeated endodontic failure, are also addressed. The importance of prognosis assessment, appropriate follow-up, and patient-centered treatment planning is emphasized. CONCLUSION: Successful management of periapical lesions requires an individualized and multidisciplinary approach based on accurate diagnosis, assessment of restorability and periodontal status, anatomical considerations, treatment feasibility, and patient preferences. The decision to retain, surgically treat, or extract a tooth should be based on a balanced evaluation of risks, benefits, prognosis, and long-term treatment outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Premixed bioceramic sealers are increasingly incorporated into daily endodontic practice, offering simplified obturation protocols and new approaches to root canal filling. However, questions remain regarding their long-term clinical effectiveness, particularly in teeth affected by apical periodontitis. Achieving a reliable seal through appropriate obturation is essential for predictable healing and successful endodontic outcomes. AIM: The aim of this lecture is to discuss the clinical impact of premixed bioceramic sealers and to identify specific technical details and clinical protocols that may influence treatment outcomes. Particular attention will be given to whether obturation with bioceramic sealers provides reliable clinical results and whether simplified techniques, such as the single-cone method, can achieve predictable outcomes. CONTENT: The lecture will focus on hydraulic calcium silicate-based sealers and their application in non-surgical endodontic treatment, with particular emphasis on cold hydraulic condensation (CHC) using a bioceramic sealer. Factors that may affect the outcome of teeth with apical periodontitis will be discussed, including case selection, canal preparation, obturation technique, sealer application, and technical details that can influence the quality and predictability of the final result. Clinical data from a retrospective study with a 5-year observation period will be presented. The study included 637 teeth with symptomatic apical periodontitis treated by a single experienced operator using CHC with CeraSeal bioceramic sealer.. CONCLUSION: Understanding the biological and technical principles of hydraulic obturation, together with careful attention to clinical protocols and procedural details, is essential for achieving predictable endodontic outcomes. Cold hydraulic condensation with bioceramic sealers may represent a clinically relevant approach to obturation; however, its effectiveness depends not only on the material itself but also on appropriate case selection, treatment execution, and adherence to sound endodontic principles. The lecture will highlight practical tips and details that may contribute to achieving high success rates and improved patient-centered outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Oral potentially malignant disorders represent a significant concern in oral medicine due to their risk of progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Early detection and appropriate management are essential for reducing morbidity and improving patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment modalities for selected oral precancerous lesions. METHODS: A narrative review was conducted focusing on the most common oral potentially malignant disorders, including oral leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, and actinic cheilitis. Particular emphasis was placed on clinical assessment, identification of risk factors, and histopathological confirmation by biopsy. RESULTS: Biopsy remains the gold standard for assessing malignant potential. Management depends on the type and severity of the lesion and may include elimination of etiological factors, pharmacological therapy, surgical excision, laser treatment, and long-term surveillance. Malignant transformation may occur even after treatment. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis, timely intervention, and continuous follow-up are essential for reducing the risk of progression to oral cancer.

BACKGROUND: Contemporary metal-free fixed prosthodontic restorations and the development of new aesthetic materials have significantly changed post-endodontic restorative concepts. Particular emphasis is placed on preservation of the remaining tooth structure, biocompatibility, function, and high aesthetic requirements. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this lecture is to present contemporary clinical principles for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth, with particular emphasis on the biological, mechanical, and aesthetic aspects of tooth preparation. METHODS: Different contemporary preparation methods for restoration of the remaining dental structures will be presented, with emphasis on minimally invasive approaches and the use of dental ceramics. Special attention will be given to a newly designed preparation with internal and external shoulders intended to create both an internal and external ferrule effect. RESULTS: An appropriately designed preparation allows better preservation of tooth structure and provides mechanical conditions for increased fracture resistance of the restoration. The combined internal and external ferrule effect contributes to strengthening the entire endodontically restored dental complex and may improve long-term clinical stability. CONCLUSION: Successful contemporary restoration of endodontically treated teeth requires an integrated approach combining biological, mechanical, and aesthetic principles. Preservation of the remaining tooth structure and appropriate preparation design are essential for achieving functional, aesthetic, and durable restorations.

INTRODUCTION: Dental implantology is a complex clinical field in which the success of an implant procedure depends not only on the expertise of the operator but also on the well-coordinated work of the entire implantology team. The dental assistant plays an important role in patient preparation, organization of the surgical field, proper handling of instruments, and ensuring a smooth and efficient surgical procedure. The aim of this workshop is to familiarize dental assistants with the fundamental principles, instruments, materials, and protocols for assisting during implant surgical procedures. THEORETICAL PART: The theoretical part will cover the role and responsibilities of the dental assistant as an integral member of the implantology team, as well as the preparation and organization required before an implant procedure. The fundamentals of procedure planning, radiological and surgical preparation, patient and operative field preparation, and the appropriate use of implantological and surgical instruments will be discussed. Particular attention will be given to the chronology of the implant procedure, principles of asepsis, instrument organization, and effective coordination between the operator and the dental assistant throughout the intervention. PRACTICAL PART: The practical part is focused on developing specific skills required for assisting during implant surgical procedures. Participants will work on phantom models, where they will become familiar with instrument preparation and organization, assistance during different stages of the implant procedure, and the proper handling of instruments and materials. Realistic clinical situations will also be demonstrated and simulated, with the opportunity for participants to assist in real time during procedures on patients under the supervision of experienced experts. Particular emphasis will be placed on teamwork, effective communication, and anticipating the operator’s needs during the surgical intervention. CONCLUSION: A properly trained dental assistant represents an important factor in the safe, organized, and efficient performance of implant surgical procedures. Combining theoretical knowledge with practical training and simulation enables participants to develop confidence and competencies for active participation within the implantology team. The workshop aims to provide participants with knowledge and practical skills that can be immediately applied in everyday clinical practice, contributing to improved organization, efficiency, and safety during dental implant procedures.

BACKGROUND: Chronic periapical inflammatory lesions are the most common pathological changes affecting the jawbones. Differential diagnosis is crucial for determining the appropriate therapeutic approach—conservative or surgical—but it is often inaccurate, particularly when the lesions are small. The limited clinical symptomatology and radiographic presentation are not specific to radicular cysts and periapical granulomas, but may also occur in lesions of odontogenic, non-inflammatory origin, or non-odontogenic lesions, which require a different treatment approach. OBJECTIVE: To present contemporary diagnostic and surgical approaches to chronic periapical inflammatory lesions, with particular emphasis on three-dimensional imaging and the selection of an appropriate surgical approach. METHODS: Initial digital radiography is used for the assessment of periapical lesions, while cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is indicated in cases of cystic lesions extending toward adjacent anatomical structures. Precise visualization of the lesion and its extension toward adjacent anatomical structures is essential for planning the surgical approach. The choice of surgical treatment depends on the localization and size of the lesion, the fate of the causative tooth, the general health of the patient, and other individual factors. RESULTS: In cases of large lesions with confirmed extension and lysis of the nasal floor, the treatment of choice is complete enucleation with apicoectomy and/or extraction of the causative tooth. When performed under local anesthesia, this procedure may be prolonged and painful and carries a risk of injury to adjacent healthy teeth and epistaxis. Another surgical option is decompression of the lesion with or without preservation of the tooth. This less invasive surgical procedure is more acceptable to patients and enables new bone formation and reduction of lesion size while preserving the integrity of adjacent important anatomical structures, facilitating its complete removal during a later second stage of surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: Accurate diagnosis, three-dimensional imaging when necessary, and individualized surgical approach are essential in the management of chronic periapical inflammatory lesions. Decompression represents a less invasive surgical option that may facilitate subsequent complete removal of large lesions while preserving adjacent anatomical structures.

INTRODUCTION: Effective obturation of the root canal system is an essential component of successful endodontic treatment. While warm gutta-percha techniques have traditionally been regarded as the gold standard, the introduction of premixed bioceramic sealers has led to new approaches to root canal obturation, particularly through the increasing use of simplified cold techniques. AIM: This lecture aims to provide a comprehensive overview of premixed bioceramic sealers, focusing on their scientific basis, key properties, advantages, limitations, and clinical indications. It will also explore whether the use of these materials represents a contemporary trend, a valuable treatment option, or a clinically relevant development in modern endodontics. KEY TOPICS: The presentation will discuss the composition, physicochemical and biological properties, bioactivity, handling characteristics, and clinical behavior of premixed bioceramic sealers. Particular attention will be given to their application in sealer-centered obturation and cold obturation techniques. The factors influencing the quality and predictability of root canal filling, as well as the appropriate selection and clinical use of these materials, will also be addressed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A thorough understanding of the characteristics and limitations of bioceramic sealers is essential for their appropriate integration into everyday endodontic practice. When used according to their specific indications and within sound endodontic principles, these materials may facilitate simplified and predictable obturation procedures. CONCLUSION: Premixed bioceramic sealers have become an important part of contemporary endodontic practice and have expanded the clinical possibilities for root canal obturation. Their role should be considered in the context of evidence-based material selection, proper clinical technique, and case-specific indications rather than as a replacement for established obturation principles.

INTRODUCTION: Endodontic therapy is a complex clinical procedure that requires a systematic approach, thorough knowledge of root canal anatomy and biology, and the appropriate application of contemporary diagnostic and treatment protocols. Predictable treatment success depends on accurate diagnosis and treatment planning, adequate isolation, effective mechanical and chemical preparation, efficient disinfection, and high-quality root canal obturation. The aim of this course is to enhance dentists’ knowledge, manual skills, and clinical reasoning in contemporary endodontic therapy through an integrated theoretical and practical training program. THEORETICAL PART: The theoretical part will cover contemporary principles of endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, with an analysis of the anatomy and morphology of the root canal system. Particular attention will be given to the use of rubber dam as the standard for operative field isolation and to the principles of access cavity design and preparation. Contemporary instrumentation systems based on continuous rotary and reciprocating motion, protocols for chemomechanical preparation and irrigation, and modern obturation techniques, including thermoplasticized (warm) gutta-percha techniques, will be discussed. In addition, the causes of endodontic treatment failure, the management of complex and failed cases, the basic principles of endodontic surgery, and post-endodontic restorative planning will be addressed. PRACTICAL PART: The practical part is designed to develop and enhance participants’ manual and clinical skills through demonstrations and hands-on work on models. Participants will practice rational access cavity preparation, identification and morphological analysis of root canals, the use of rotary and reciprocating instrumentation systems, and appropriate irrigation protocols for effective disinfection of the root canal system. Practical training will also include preparation of the canals for final obturation and the application of thermoplasticized (warm) gutta-percha techniques, with emphasis on proper technique, clinical predictability, and quality of execution. CONCLUSION: Integrating contemporary theoretical principles with practical training enables participants to develop a systematic approach, improve their manual skills, and gain greater confidence in performing endodontic procedures. The Endodontic Masterclass is designed to enable participants to apply the acquired knowledge and practical skills in everyday clinical practice while adhering to biological principles and contemporary protocols aimed at achieving predictable and long-term treatment outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Urgent and potentially life-threatening conditions may occur unexpectedly in everyday dental practice. Timely recognition of the condition, appropriate initial assessment, and rapid and organized response are essential for patient safety. The aim of this workshop is to provide dentists, through an interactive and simulation-based approach, with the opportunity to improve their knowledge, practical skills, and preparedness for managing medical emergencies in the dental office. THEORETICAL PART: The theoretical part will cover the principles of patient assessment and initial management in emergency situations, with particular emphasis on the recognition and management of syncope, anaphylaxis, and hypoglycemia. Current Basic Life Support (BLS) algorithms, the principles of timely activation of emergency medical services, and the appropriate organization and coordination of the dental team during emergency situations will also be discussed. PRACTICAL PART: The practical part is focused on acquiring and enhancing specific clinical skills through demonstrations, hands-on work with models and simulators, interactive small-group exercises, and realistic clinical scenarios. Participants will practice rapid clinical assessment, application of BLS algorithms, establishment of peripheral intravenous access, venipuncture on models, administration of intramuscular therapy, and performance of basic emergency interventions under simulated clinical conditions. Particular emphasis will be placed on teamwork, communication, and making rapid and appropriate clinical decisions. CONCLUSION: Integrating theoretical knowledge with practical training and simulation enables dentists to develop greater confidence and preparedness for responding to emergency situations. Acquiring practical skills for the timely recognition and initial management of medical emergencies contributes to enhanced patient safety and a higher level of professional preparedness in everyday dental practice.