Brawijaya University

UML sudah menjadi bahasa pemodelan baku dalam pengembangan sistem perangkat lunak. Pemodelan yang penting dalam UML, untuk menjelaskan aspek fungsionalitas sistem, adalah pemodelan use case. Use case dideskripsikan secara tekstual dalam bentuk use case scenario untuk menjelaskan interaksi yang terjadi antara aktor dengan sistem. Selanjutnya, use case diilustrasikan secara visual dalam bentuk use case diagram untuk menggambarkan konteks dari sistem yang dikembangkan. Dalam praktiknya, kedua model tersebut tidak sulit untuk dibuat meskipun oleh orang yang belum berpengalaman. Namun demikian, pemodelan use case yang dihasilkan, baik dalam konteks pembelajaran konsep pengembangan perangkat lunak di kampus maupun dalam konteks implementasi di industri perangkat lunak, tidak sedikit yang mengandung kesalahan baik secara sintaksis maupun semantik. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi terhadap beberapa kesalahan tersebut sehingga bisa dijadikan acuan dalam membangun model yang baik dan benar sehingga mampu menjelaskan sistem yang dikembangkan secara tepat. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasi kesalahan, serta merekomendasi perbaikan yang diperlukan berdasarkan kajian teori dan spesifikasi UML. Artikel ini telah membahas secara detil 11 jenis kesalahan dalam pembuatan use case scenario dan 7 jenis kesalahan dalam penggambaran use case diagram, masing-masing disertai dengan contoh kasus yang relevan.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a neuropathy disease that affects the median nerve with an incidence of around 90%. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome appears in 3.8% of the general population, with the highest prevalence occurring in women. There are several risk factors associated with CTS, namely medical and non-medical factors. The mechanism of carpal tunnel syndrome until now is still very complex and is not known with certainty, but compression and traction factors in the median nerve are thought to be the most common cause of CTS. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome can manifest clinically with subjective signs such as paresthesia, proprioceptive changes, and paresis, as well as objective signs, such as changes in motor sensitivity and function, positive Tinel and Phallen tests, and thenar muscle atrophy. The diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is based on the classic symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, and/or burning sensation in the distribution of the median nerve in the hand, as well as the abnormal function of the median nerve based on nerve conduction studies. Conservative therapy is an option. Especially in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome patients with mild to moderate symptoms. Conservative therapy can be given in the form of corticosteroid and physical therapy. Patients with severe CTS or whose symptoms have not improved after four to six months of conservative therapy should be considered for surgical treatment.

Abstrak : Corporate Social Responsibilty : Implikasi Stakeholder dan Legitimacy Gap dalam Peningkatan Kinerja Perusahaan . Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan signifikansi teori dalam proses pembentukan lahirnya konsep Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Keberlanjutan perusahaan bergantung pada tanggung jawabnya atas dampak yang ditimbulkan kepada stakeholder melalui pengungkapan CSR. CSR menjadi sinyal yang diberikan pihak manajemen kepada seluruh stakeholder mengenai prospek perusahaan di masa depan serta menunjukkan nilai lebih yang dimiliki perusahaan atas kepeduliannya terhadap dampak ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan yang timbul dari aktivitas perusahaan. Perbedaan kepentingan antara masyarakat dan perusahaan dari segi penilaian dan harapan disebut sebagai legitimacy gap . Secara teoretikal, pengungkapan CSR oleh pihak perusahaan dapat meminimalisir l egitimacy gap melalui peningkatan kesesuaian operasi perusahaan dan harapan masyarakat. Abstract: Corporate Social Responsibility: Implication of Stakeholder and Legitimation Gap in Improving Company Performance. This study aims to explain some of the significance theories in order to establishing the CSR concept for the company. This responsibility is communicated by the company to its stakeholders through the disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CSR is provided by the management to stakeholders, potential investors about the future company’s prospects and show the company’s value by the impact on the economic, social and environment from its activities. The differences of interest between company and societies in term of valuation and expectations created the legitimacy gap. In the theoretical concepts explained CSR disclosure by the company can minimize the legitimacy gap.

In the era of sustainable development, alternative and sustainable tourism havebecome a great concern for local government. Sempu Island which is located inKabupaten Malang is one of the interesting cases on how the Ecotourism conceptcould be combined to the local economic development and conservation issues. Theaims of this paper are to gather information about the picture of Ecotourism practicesin Sempu Island. Furthermore, it will formulate the strategic way to make ecotourismwork well to the development of the local society.Keywords: Sustainable development, ecotourism, Sempu Island and local economy.

This research aims to examine and to analyze the influence of transformational leadershipand work motivation on employee performance Hotel Kartika Graha Malang in Indonesia either through or without through job satisfaction.This study used a sample of 78 employees of Hotel Kartika Graha Malang in Indonesia. This research applies quantitative analysis by using explanatory study. The data is analyzed by using PLS for significant test and Sobel test for mediating test. The result shows that transformational leadership has no significant influence on employee performance but has significant influence toward job satisfaction. Nevertheless, work motivation has a significant influence on both employee performance and job satisfaction. Moreover, job satisfaction has a significant influence on employee performance. Job satisfaction is also fully mediated the influence of transformational leadership toward employee performance and partially mediated the influence of work motivation toward employee performance. The indicator that causes the non-significant influence of the transformational leadership toward employee performance is an individualized consideration, which is not running optimally in Hotel Kartika Graha.

Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja akademik mahasiswa pada tahun ke-2 dan diklasifikasikan dalam kategori mahasiswa yang dapat lulus tepat waktu atau tidak. Kemudian dari klasifikasi tersebut, sistem akan memberikan rekomendasi solusi untuk memandu mahasiswa lulus dalam waktu yang paling tepat dengan nilai optimal berdasarkan histori nilai yang telah ditempuh mahasiswa. Input dari sistem ini adalah data induk mahasiswa dan data akademik mahasiswa. Sampel mahasiswa angkatan 2005-2009 yang sudah dinyatakan lulus akan digunakan sebagai data training dan testing. Sedangkan data mahasiswa angkatan 2010-2011 dan belum lulus akan digunakan sebagai data target. Data input akan diproses menggunakan teknik data mining algoritma Naive Bayes Classifier (NBC) untuk membentuk tabel probabilitas sebagai dasar proses klasifikasi kelulusan mahasiswa. Output dari sistem ini berupa klasifikasi kinerja akademik mahasiswa yang diprediksi kelulusannya dan memberikan rekomendasi untuk proses kelulusan tepat waktu atau lulus dalam waktu yang paling tepat dengan nilai optimal. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang paling berpengaruh dalam penentuan klasifikasi kinerja akademik mahasiswa yaitu Indeks Prestasi Komulatif (IPK), Indeks Prestasi (IP) semester 1, IP semester 4, dan jenis kelamin. Sehingga faktor-faktor tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai bahan evaluasi bagi pihak pengelola perguruan tinggi. Pengujian pada data mahasiswa angkatan 2005-2009, algoritma NBC menghasilkan nilai precision, recall, dan accuracy masing-masing 83%, 50%, dan 70%.Kata Kunci—Kinerja akademik mahasiswa, data mining, dan Naive Bayes Classifier.

Mobile banking is one of the channels of banking service provided by banking institutions in forms of modern platforms that are fully based on digital technology and displace physical interaction between banks and their customers. For banking industry, mobile banking is more than a service option; it is a strategic plan to facilitate customer’s changes in behavior. However, the acceptance of such platform by the public, particularly micro entrepreneurs, is still in question. The objective of this research is to identify factors influencing the use of mobile banking based on the perception of micro customers of Bank DKI in Surabaya. The variables used in this study were developed from previous researches that also examined the same matter with adjustment on the characteristics of micro customers. The variables, developed through the theoretical review, were then empirically assessed using SEM-PLS. the data was collected from questionnaires distributed to 266 micro customers who received financing from Bank DKI. The surcey discovered that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and social influence are empirically proven to have both direct effects on the use of mobile banking and indirect effects through attitude toward use. Practical implications also discussed in this paper.

Abstract After the enactment of Act No.6 of 2014 concerning Villages, the village financial arrangements become independent, usually based on the Regional Government law. Active involvement of villagers becomes the key to good governance and village development. So that management can run transparently through community supervision. The legal problem is how the management of village money after the birth of the Village Law? and how is community participation in village money management?. This paper uses normative legal research method. The result showed that after the enactment of the Village Act, then under Article 71 and Article 72, the Village is entitled to manage its own finances, and the budget is derived from the State Revenue Budget. Community participation in village money management is passive and active. Abstrak Pasca diundangkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa, maka pengaturan keuangan Desa menjadi mandiri, biasanya didasari pada Undang-Undang Pemerintah Daerah. Keterlibatan aktif masyarakat desa, menjadi kunci terwujudnya penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan pembangunan desa yang baik. Sehingga pengelolaan dapat berjalan secara transparan melalui pengawasan masyarakat. Permasalahan dalam artikel ini adalah bagaimana pengelolaan uang Desa pasca lahirnya UU Desa? dan bagaimana partisipasi masyarakat terhdap pengelolaan uang Desa?. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pasca lahirnya UU Desa, maka berdasarkan Pasal 71 dan Pasal 72, Desa berhak untuk mengelola keuangannya sendiri, dan anggarannya berasal dari Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Negara. Partisipasi masyarakat terhadap pengelolaan uang desa bersifat pasif dan aktif.

Abstract: Nganjuk Regency is one of the most potential regency in East Java to develop its tourism. Nganjuk Regency has four local tourism objects governed by local Department of Tourism and Culture: Sedudo Waterfall, Air Merambat Roro Kuning, Taman Rekreasi Anjuk Ladang (TRAL) , Margo Tresno Cave. Tourism of Nganjuk offers many tourism objects whose attraction and feature are distinctive in those places. Nonetheless, the lack of attention given by the government particularly in term of promotion that has become a hurdle to the advancement of tourism in Nganjuk. Therefore, it is essential that relevant authorities must have awareness and introduce several regulations to advance the tourism development. Developing tourism sector requires strategies which equipped by well-arranged tourism developing plan in order to optimize the tourism potential. The role of local government is therefore important as the main generator and afterwards, giving the Nganjuk Regency Tourism and Culture Department full authority to create and implement tourism developing strategies. In this thesis, the writer is encouraged to acknowledge and review the role of Nganjuk Regency Tourism and Culture Department in improving the tourism potential. It is acquired by settling the statement of problem on first, the strategies of Nganjuk Regency Tourism and Culture Department to develop its tourism sector and second, the factors affecting the improvement of tourism in Nganjuk Regency. This research applied descriptive research method in nature by employing qualitative approach. The resources were grouped into two, primary data and secondary data. The data collection techniques were observation, interviews, and documentation. The collected data were analyzed by following the procedures: data collection, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Keywords: Analysis Strategies, Tourism, Government Abstrak: Kabupaten Nganjuk merupakan salah satu daerah di Jawa Timur yang berpotensi untuk mengembangkan pariwisata di daerahnya. Di Kabupaten Nganjuk terdapat empat objek wisata daerah yang dikelola langsung oleh Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Daerah. Keempat objek wisata tersebut yaitu: Air Terjun Sedudo, Air Merambat Roro Kuning, TRAL, dan Goa Margo Tresno. Wisata Nganjuk menawarkan sejumlah objek wisata dengan daya tariknya masing-masing. Namun, masih kurangnya upaya dari pemerintah daerah yang belum maksimal dalam mempromosikan wisata tersebut mengakibatkan potensi-potensi objek wisata yang dimiliki tidak dapat berkembang secara optimal. Di sinilah pentingnya peraturan dan kesadaran dari pemerintah daerah yang melaksanakan pembangunan di sektor pariwisata. Sektor pariwisata memerlukan suatu strategi dengan pola pengembangan kepariwisataan yang terencana atau tersusun agar potensi yang di miliki bisa di kembangkan secara optimal. Didalam memajukan sektor pariwisata ditingkat daerah peran pemerintah daerah adalah sebagai motor penggerak yang selanjutnya memberikan kewenangan penuh kepada Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Daerah Kabupaten Nganjuk dalam menentukan strategi-strategi pembangunan kepariwisataan. Di sini penulis ingin mengetahui sejauh mana strategi Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Daerah Kabupaten Nganjuk dalam mengembangkan potensi pariwisata daerahnya, sehingga muncul dua permasalahan, yaitu pertama bagaimana strategi Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Daerah Kabupaten Nganjuk dalam pengembangan pariwisata daerah, kedua faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan pariwisata daerah di Kabupaten Nganjuk. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Metode analisis data dengan Reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Kata kunci: Analisis Strategi, Pariwisata, Pemerintah Daerah

Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA HI This study tested the Null Hypothesis for the effect of BioField Energy applied to two separate crops under typical growing conditions, namely ginseng and organic blueberry in commercial plantings in Wisconsin and California, respectively. Following treatment to replicated plots in standard experimental design, data were collected at harvest for yield quantity and quality. Ginseng plants treated both pre-harvest and a combination of pre- and post-harvest showed market grade increases of 33.3% and 40.0%, respectively. Point of sale gross return for this crop is dependent upon tuber quality, and from these data the economics of these treatments were calculated. Based on stand adjusted yields and quality values, a combination of pre- and post-harvest treatment increased gross income by 57.4%. The second crop showed similar trends in positive responses. In the two blueberry varieties studied, Emerald treated plants showed 96% statistical increase in yield, while Jewel showed 31% increase. At the time of treatment, each variety was in a different stage of flowering. The Emerald variety was in the flowering stage, and Jewel was predominately in the fruiting stage. Both treated cultivars however demonstrated increased yield quantity and quality. The specific mechanisms that lead to these preliminary results need further investigation. Keywords: crop yield, biofield treatment, ginseng, blueberry

Inclusive early childhood education requires more than placing children with special needs in conventional classrooms; it requires pedagogical conditions that ensure access, participation, belonging, and development. This integrative review aims to synthesize recent evidence on teacher strategies for inclusive early childhood education, examine their relevance to Indonesian Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD), and clarify how inclusive classroom practices may relate to character building. Thirty peer-reviewed articles published between 2022 and 2026 were identified through ERIC and Indonesian indexed-journal portals, verified against major publisher platforms, and selected using predefined criteria concerning publication status, period, and relevance to inclusive early childhood practice and support. Iterative thematic coding generated six interrelated domains: inclusive orientation and needs-sensitive planning; flexible curriculum and differentiated instruction; embedded individual, play-based, and peer-mediated support; family and multidisciplinary collaboration; professional learning, assistive technology, and teacher wellbeing; and inclusive character culture. The resulting participation-oriented framework was derived inductively from recurring patterns across the reviewed evidence. Character building is interpreted as a value-oriented layer of inclusive practice through which participation, equitable support, reciprocal interaction, and preserved agency may enact dignity, empathy, respect, fairness, cooperation, and responsibility, rather than as a set of causal outcomes established by the reviewed studies. This review contributes a participation-oriented framework that integrates pedagogical, relational, and institutional strategies into a coherent model for inclusive PAUD while conceptually linking inclusive practice with character building without overstating causal evidence.

Value education and character building take place through families and communities. This article examines how the Uang Gandong tradition functions as a community-based mechanism of Islamic value education and character building in the Adat Waimangit community, Buru Regency, Maluku, and how this process contributes to family resilience. Uang Gandong is a symbolic gift presented by the groom’s family to the bride’s mother before the marriage contract (akad nikah). This study employs a qualitative ethnographic case-study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with seven informants, including traditional leaders, religious figures, and community members, together with limited participatory observation and documentation, and were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. Lickona’s framework of moral knowing, moral feeling, and moral action and Walsh’s family resilience theory guided the interpretation. The findings show that the tradition transmits reverence for mothers (birr al-walidayn), responsibility (amanah), deliberation, justice, gratitude, and family solidarity through symbolic action, family participation, and repeated customary practice. These internalized values contribute to family resilience through belief systems, organizational patterns, and communication processes. However, the educational legitimacy of the tradition depends on proportional, non-coercive, and gender-sensitive implementation, since excessive economic demands risk undermining the values it teaches. This study extends character education beyond formal schooling by showing how traditions can serve as intergenerational pedagogies for Islamic moral values.

Family character education in Indonesia increasingly requires culturally grounded sources of relational values, yet Kitab Simbur Cahaya, the seventeenth-century customary code of the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate, has been read mainly as a historical and legal document, leaving the reciprocity values embedded in it largely unexplored as a resource for character formation. This study analyzes the values of reciprocity (kesalingan) in Kitab Simbur Cahaya through the perspective of Fiqh Mubadalah and examines their relevance for family character education. Using a qualitative textual analysis with conceptual and historical approaches, it examines Chapter I of the text, which governs courtship and marriage customs, supported by literature on customary law, Fiqh Mubadalah, and family character education. Analysis proceeds through norm identification, value interpretation from the Fiqh Mubadalah perspective, and reconstruction of its relevance to family character education. The findings show that Kitab Simbur Cahaya contains reciprocity values reflected in respect for matrimonial consent, protection of the dignity of both men and women, balanced familial social responsibility, and a restorative orientation toward relations disrupted by gender-based violations, values that remain transformable as ethical foundations for family character education, despite residual patriarchal traits from their historical formation. This study contributes a new reading of customary law as a source of ethical values through Fiqh Mubadalah, broadening locally grounded approaches to family character education in Indonesia.

This research studies 7 Kebiasaan Anak Indonesia Hebat (Seven Great Indonesian Children’s Habits) program for the Generation Alpha at Muhammadiyah Kadisoka Elementary School and identifies the supporting and inhibiting factors. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the study was conducted during the even semester of the 2025/2026 academic year, involving the school principal, curriculum team teachers, third-grade teachers, and third-grade students selected using purposive sampling. Data collection techniques included passive participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, with data validity verified through source and technical triangulation. Data analysis utilized the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The results indicate that the implementation of social habituation occurs through three integrated stages: planning (needs analysis, parental coordination, curriculum integration), execution (classroom instruction, extracurricular activities, the “5S” habituation practice, and teacher role-modeling), and continuous evaluation. Supporting factors include student awareness, teacher commitment, principal leadership, parental support, and school culture. In contrast, primary inhibiting factors are student shyness, a lack of self-confidence, the influence of digital devices, and inconsistent habituation practices at home. The study concludes that the effective formation of social character in the Generation Alpha requires a habituation ecosystem that is structurally integrated across school, family, and community, resulting in a 23% increase in average social behavior scores. The study’s implications highlight the need for measurable habituation guidelines and sustained synergy between the school and parents.

Viral negative narratives about marriage on TikTok have increasingly shaped Generation Z's perceptions of marriage, raising concerns about their confidence in preparing for marital life. However, few studies have examined whether exposure to Couple Relationship Education (CRE) content on social media can strengthen marital self-efficacy, particularly in the trending topic #MarriageisScary. This explanatory quantitative study aims to examine the influence of CRE content exposure on TikTok, specifically content presented by dr. Aisah Dahlan, a prominent figure delivering educational da’wah on household dynamics on Generation Z’s self-efficacy in navigating married-life decisions. The research population consists of all TikTok users across Indonesia. Using non-probability purposive sampling, 241 users were selected as respondents from this population. Simple linear regression analysis in SPSS 29 shows that CRE content exposure has a significant and positive influence on Gen Z marriage self-efficacy (β = 0.393, t = 10.780, p < 0.001). Given the cross-sectional design, these findings confirm that exposure to relationship education content strengthens Generation Z’s self-efficacy in navigating married life. This Study contributes to the literature on the value orientation formation among Generation Z by showing that marriage is no longer seen as something scary, as it can be learned. Beyond enhancing self-efficacy, these findings offer insight for content creators and couple relationship educators, who can leverage such content to promote positive values, including commitment, healthy communication, responsibility, and readiness for family life.

Children’s magazine as a medium for building children’s characters may contribute to children’s behavior development through the content of the literary work. However, research examining children’s literature through children’s magazines as a medium for cross-country character building is minimal. Whereas Indonesia and Malaysia have cultural proximity, they differ in child literacy policies. This study analyzes and compares the pattern of child character building in children's magazines in both countries. With a descriptive qualitative approach and content analysis methods, this study collected data from 50 short story texts of the 2019 edition of the popular children’s magazine in Indonesia and Malaysia. Research Data are presented in words and sentences that describe children’s characters in children’s magazines published in Indonesia and Malaysia. Of a total of the 50 stories, eight stories contained indicators of character building. The analysis used the framework of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, yielding the results that showed different and similar patterns. In common, both magazines are equally dominant on a conventional level with an emphasis on empathy and mutual forgiveness. However, Indonesian magazines emphasize the value of collectivity and mutual assistance, while Malaysian magazines emphasize adherence to family norms and respect for parents. The achievement of post-conventional level with the principle of universal justice remains limited. This finding contributes as a model of utilization of children’s stories based on simple moral dilemmas for strengthening character education in primary schools in both countries.

The stereotype that automotive is a male-dominant domain limits the access, participation, and technical experience of female students in educational workshops. This study aims to develop and test a Gender-Friendly Automotive Training Model to improve workshop service competence and quality for prospective female mechanics. The study used a design-implement-evaluate approach involving 48 grade XI TKRO students, consisting of 12 females, 36 males, and four teachers. The research stages included needs analysis, model development, expert validation, limited trials, revisions, and effectiveness tests. Data were collected through tests, observations, questionnaires, interviews, service audits, and documentation, then analyzed using descriptive statistics, Paired Samples t-Test, N-gain, and Cohen’s d. The results showed model feasibility at 91.80%, implementation at 92.26%, teacher practicality at 92.14%, and female student responses at 91.75%. Cognitive competence increased from 63.42 to 84.58, psychomotor competence from 65.17 to 87.08, participation from 2.92 to 4.42, self-confidence from 3.08 to 4.46, service quality from 3.12 to 4.61, and work readiness from 3.04 to 4.38. All increases were significant (p < 0.001), with an average N-gain of 0.69 and Cohen's d of 2.31. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the model is feasible, practical, and associated with improved competence and gender-responsive workshop services.

Character education in Indonesia requires a philosophical framework that can connect rational moral justification with affective and relational responsiveness to suffering. This article examines the critical relationship between Immanuel Kant’s deontological ethics and karuṇā in Mahāyāna Buddhism and considers its implications for character education. Methodologically, the study employs a comparative philosophical approach through three procedures: textual reconstruction, comparative analysis, and critical-dialogical evaluation of selected Kantian and Mahāyāna sources. The analysis indicates that Kantian ethics contributes universalizability, autonomy, and respect for others, whereas karuṇā emphasizes suffering, relationality, compassionate motivation, and moral cultivation. Their relationship is best understood as qualified complementarity rather than a complete synthesis, as karuṇā challenges strongly formalist interpretations of morality, while Kantian principles constrain partiality and arbitrary compassionate judgment. Nevertheless, differences concerning selfhood, autonomy, and moral justification remain philosophically irreducible. Therefore, this article contributes to a provisional character education framework that integrates cognitive-rational, affective-motivational, and action-oriented dimensions, while maintaining the conceptual distinctions between the two traditions. This approach of conditional complementarity represents a novel contribution to the study of character education in Indonesia—a field that has hitherto relied predominantly on cognitive-rational models.

This study examines how teacher scaffolding works during nature-based loose-parts play and how the interaction between pedagogical support and open-ended materials is associated with young children’s imaginative activity, autonomy, and confidence. A qualitative case study was conducted at a public kindergarten in Tegal, Central Java, Indonesia, involving six teachers, one principal, and 89 children aged 4–6 years. Data were generated through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, documentation, and brief supplementary conversations with children, and were analyzed through iterative reduction, coding, categorization, and thematic interpretation with source and technique triangulation. The coded corpus identified questioning, encouragement, prompting, feedback, fading, and modeling as recurrent scaffolding practices, while children’s imaginative activity was expressed through new ideas, symbolic uses of objects, combinations of natural materials, exploration, story development, and problem solving. The findings indicate that low-intrusion, contingent support, particularly open-ended questioning followed by gradual fading, helped preserve children’s agency while extending imaginative participation. Opportunities to exercise choice, persistence, decision-making, responsibility, and collaborative participation further demonstrate how value-relevant dispositions can be enacted within everyday play-based learning. The study contributes a context-sensitive account of how scaffolding and material affordances jointly support imaginative participation, the gradual transfer of agency, and associated learning dispositions in early childhood education.

Purpose – This study aims to examine the effects of Porter’s generic strategies, namely differentiation, cost leadership, and focus strategies, on firm performance among bakery businesses in Jakarta. The research seeks to identify effective competitive strategies that can help small and medium-sized bakery enterprises improve competitiveness and achieve sustainable performance in an increasingly competitive food and beverage industry. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study aims to examine the effects of Porter’s generic strategies, namely differentiation, cost leadership, and focus strategies, on firm performance among bakery businesses in Jakarta. The research seeks to identify effective competitive strategies that can help small and medium-sized bakery enterprises improve competitiveness and achieve sustainable performance in an increasingly competitive food and beverage industry. Findings – The findings indicate that differentiation strategy and focus strategy have significant positive effects on firm performance. However, the study provides empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of Porter’s generic strategies within the urban bakery MSME context in Indonesia. The results suggest that bakery businesses can improve competitiveness by prioritizing unique product offerings, targeted market strategies, and customer-specific value creation. Originality/Value – Porter’s Generic Strategies; Differentiation Strategy; Cost Leadership Strategy; Focus Strategy; Firm Performance; Bakery MSMEs; Competitive Strategy.