Technological advances in television and reporting have created a new era of media in which viewers can follow events around the globe, often as they unfold in real time. The widespread availability of information and openness inherent in this new global media has many advantages. With these benefits, however, also comes a potential for the manipulation of the press and of foreign policy. While live coverage of world events may make it easier for policy makers and viewers to remain on top of global conflicts and current events, foreign governments can also use the media to pass on propaganda or to intentionally subvert American foreign policy. Increasing competition between news outlets can also give rise to concerns that sensational journalism or the search for a dramatic story could eventually begin to drive the foreign policy agenda rather than reflect it. In this new age of information, what effect does the media have on the conduct of diplomacy, and is this coverage beneficial or detrimental to American foreign policy? Featuring former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Donald McHenry, Karen Elliott House of the Wall Street Journal, and Steven Roberts of the U.S. News and World Report.Examines the relationship between the media and the conduct of foreign policy

Dignity, security, and liberty -- fundamental principles enshrined in the constitution which, thanks to the founding fathers, essentially provide American citizens with a guarantee of basic human rights. Yet for citizens of countries ruled by military despots, corrupt demagogues, and authoritarian juntas, human rights are anything but guaranteed. As far away as China and Rwanda, and as close by as Cuba, foreign governments have spurned attempts by the international community to expand the basic rights of individuals. In recent years, the promotion of human rights has become a prominent goal of American foreign policy, a goal that in principle enjoys widespread support form the American public, but which nonetheless encounters stiff resistance in abroad. What forces are generating human rights abuses in today's world? How can the U.S. best promote human rights? More centrally, how should the promotion of human rights figure in American foreign policy? In this episode, host Peter Krogh sits down with Pauline Baker, President of the Fund for Peace, and John Shattuck, Assistant Secretary of state for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, to discuss the role of human rights in American foreign policy.Examines the driving factors behind human rights abuses and the role of human rights in U.S. foreign policy

Scholarship on the politics of secrecy in international relations and foreign policy has experienced tremendous growth in recent years. This article begins by providing an overview of this literatu...

In this Lowy Institute Analysis, Aaron L. Connelly previews the likely direction of Indonesian foreign policy under President-elect Joko \u27Jokowi\u27 Widodo, highlighting major issues and profiling key advisers. Key findings: Jokowi will leave foreign policy-making to key advisers, creating greater opportunities for competition over policy between the institutions those advisers lead. This competition could make it more difficult for Indonesian foreign policy-makers to define a clear position on key issues. Amidst this greater turbidity, Indonesian leadership in regional affairs could take a hit. Jokowi’s closest advisers are sophisticated and internationalist, but other voices could push Indonesian foreign policy toward more nationalist positions at the margins, impacting on Indonesian relations with Australia

In the waning days of the Reagan presidency, Peter Krogh sits down with Jeane Kirkpatrick, Ambassador to the United Nations during Reagan’s first term, and William Maynes, editor of Foreign Policy magazine. The two discuss the legacy of the Reagan administration in the international community, particularly with regards to Nicaragua. For seven years, the United States had been waging a campaign against the socialist Sandinista regime using both overt and covert tactics. As Reagan struggled to find an effective mix between diplomacy and force in the region, observers were left to wonder whether Reagan’s true goal was democratic reform or a complete overthrow of the Sandinista government. Further complicating matters was the inconsistency of Congressional support for the Contras, which prevented the United States from adopting a sustained position. In the context of Nicaragua, this episode examines the relationship between the White House and Capitol Hill in developing foreign policy, the delicate balance between diplomacy and force in international relations, as well as the importance of public support in sustaining effective government policies.Discusses the position of the United States as a superpower in today's world and the legacy of the Reagan administration

This chapter examines theories and approaches involved in foreign policy analysis. Foreign policy analysis is concerned with the study of the management of external relations and activities of nation-states, as distinguished from their domestic policies. The chapter first explains the concept of foreign policy before discussing various approaches to foreign policy analysis. It then evaluates the arguments of major theories by using a ‘level-of-analysis’ approach that addresses the international system level, the nation-state level, and the level of the individual decision maker. It also presents a case-study on the Gulf War to illustrate how insights from various approaches to foreign policy analysis can be brought together. A note on foreign policy experts and ‘think tanks’ is included to highlight the extent of research on the subject which extends well beyond universities.

Indonesia is unlikely to become a significantly influential international actor in the medium term, despite its size, strategic location and economic potential. Key findings: Indonesia’s influence in international affairs is growing, but it will not become a major power in the short to medium term. Facing public pressure to exert influence globally, Indonesia will pursue a far-reaching foreign policy agenda, but without the resources to flex its muscles in support of its ideas. Countries can engage now on regional and global issues that are important to Indonesia and that help it be seen as a global player, thereby building trust and relationships that are a long term investment in Indonesia’s future potential

B. R. Ambedkar has been a towering personality of modern India who was instrumental in igniting the minds of the current and next generations of citizens. However, his views on various social, economic, and political aspects have been discovered and analyzed by several scholars, but his approach to studying and analyzing international relations and Indian foreign policy has remained in a shadow. However, he used a pragmatic approach to India’s foreign policy and international relations which could be more beneficial for a new India, or it could contribute to creating a powerful image of India in the world as a great and independent power. This paper tries to examine the role of Ambedkar in India’s Foreign Policy and approach to International Relations. Analytical and descriptive method has been adopted for the examination of his approach and a way to handle the same. As a result, it has been found that sometimes he adopted a liberal and realist approach, and sometimes he adopted a socialist or rationalist approach, which was, in total a pragmatic approach in itself. Thus, he was a doctor who knew the treatment according to the disease.

This book investigates “Who is a normative foreign policy actor?” It forms part of a new project intended to explore fundamental aspects of foreign policy at the global level, against the backdrop of a proliferation of global actors in the 21st century, following half a century with only one undisputed global hegemon: the United States. The European Union is itself a new or emerging foreign policy actor, driven by self-declared normative principles. But Russia, China and India are also increasingly assertive actors on the global stage and similarly claim to be driven by a normative agenda. The fundamental question explored is how will these various global actors define their foreign policy priorities, and how they will interact, especially if their ideas of normative behaviour differ

The Europeanization of foreign policy is widely considered to be beneficial to smaller EU member states. Yet, the conditions under which they may pursue their foreign policy objectives as well as the consequences of EU membership to their bilateral policies with third countries remains scarcely researched. This paper first examines the possibilities for smaller member states to influence the development of EU foreign policy. The paper then goes on to analyze the way a smaller member state’s role in EU foreign policy may impact on their national foreign policies to third countries. This paper thus links the analysis of the EUs foreign policy system to studies of Europeanization. Concretely, this paper analyzes the role of Belgium – as one of the EU’s smaller member states – in the development of EU foreign policy towards the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The paper concludes that four factors determine the extent of a smaller member state’s influence in EU foreign policy: the extent to which the policy process is characterized by the ‘logic of arguing’, the role of information, the extent of involvement of a member state and the presence of EU actors. This role influences whether EU membership ends in a strengthening of a smaller member state’s bilateral relations – resulting in a pattern of parallel diplomacies – or its convergence into a wider European whole

Whilst International Relations scholarship has taken a ‘temporal turn’, foreign policy decision-making (FPDM) research reveals little explicit theoretical attention to time. Time is an important aspect of several prominent frameworks, yet these either fail to make explicit their conception of time or fail to reflect upon the implications of their temporal assumptions and understandings. We address this lacuna by developing a timing perspective on foreign policy decision-making. We present the central features of this perspective, including the nature of timing agency, temporal motivations, the timing of decision-making processes, and timing as a foreign policy tool. Illustrated with empirical examples, we show how timing plays out in foreign policy decision-making and helps to shed new light on our understanding of crises and ways decision-makers may grapple with them. We conclude by considering the theoretical and empirical benefits and challenges of bridging FPDM with theoretical approaches to time.Peer reviewe

This chapter examines theories and approaches involved in foreign policy analysis. Foreign policy analysis (FPA) is concerned with the study of the management of external relations and activities of nation-states, as distinguished from their domestic policies. The chapter first explains the concept of foreign policy before discussing various approaches to foreign policy analysis. It then evaluates the arguments of major theories by using a ‘level-of-analysis’ approach that addresses the international system level, the nation-state level, and the level of the individual decision maker. It also presents a case-study on the Gulf War to illustrate how insights from various approaches to foreign policy analysis can be brought together. The chapters ends with reflections on foreign policy in autocracies and about Donald Trump’s foreign policy.

The article develops the insights of historical institutionalism and cognate work within International Relations to examine the development of security institutions within states, dealing specifically with the development of the National Security Council (NSC) in the United States. The case focuses on the creation and reproduction of the NSC as a means to fostering civil-military coordination within the US state. The article argues that exogenous shocks are crucial in providing the necessary freedom to change existing institutions, which are then set on new contingent paths. Substantively, it is argued that World War II and the experiences derived from it provided a critical juncture for the creation of new security institutions such as the NSC, and once created the NSC was characterized by forms of path dependence that have reproduced the institution over time. The article demonstrates how historical institutionalism can clarify causal mechanisms that better explain the origins and durability of internationally oriented security institutions within states. © 2010 International Studies Association

The Nigeria’s foreign policy is fundamentally guided by key principles, including non-alignment, African solidarity, economic diplomacy, peacekeeping, international cooperation, national interest, regional integration, multilateralism, cultural diplomacy, and national sovereignty these principles shape Nigeria’s interactions with the international community, promoting economic development, peace and cooperation while protecting national interests. The said principles are glaringly reflected in Nigeria’s engagement with international organizations, its participation in global governance and its bilateral and multilateral relations with other countries. By adhering to these principles, Nigeria seeks to maintain its independence, promote just and peaceful world. This paper examines the evolution and application o these principles in Nigeria’s foreign policy, highlighting their significance in international relations. The paper uses historical approach in its analysis.  

This Special Issue advances an interpretive research programme into Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations by showcasing new work on the study of foreign policy and regional cooperation. This introductory article explains the rationale and contents of the Special Issue in three parts. The opening part explains how the contributions complement the broader study of ideas in Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations through a critique of methodological positivism in the social sciences. The second part elaborates the theoretical framework used to cohere the collection, which centres on the study of ‘situated agents’ who, when confronted with policy dilemmas, draw on inherited traditions to inform their foreign policy practices. This is accompanied by a methods case study centring on David Cameron’s European Union referendum strategy, which is used to illustrate the practical ways in which one can conduct interpretivist research into foreign policy. In conclusion, we spell out how the contributors conducted their work to advance the interpretivist research programme