The outcomes of the research indicate that integrating the processes of molecular plant pathology and designing biocontrol agents may prove to be considerably helpful in controlling plant diseases in the long term. When the experimental approaches of inoculation and molecular quantification of a pathogen coupled with strategic screening of microbial antagonists were used together, it was possible to test the efficacy of disease suppression to upper limits. The findings proved time and again that the chosen bacterial and fungal isolates did not only kill most of the pathogens, they also decreased the development of lesions significantly yet, in comparison to untreated controls. Transcriptomic profiling showed that biocontrol treatments activated the genes that facilitate the defense mechanism of plants. This indicated that there was high induced resistance by the plants. These trends were demonstrated in statistical tests in a high degree of confidence which in turn increases the chances of the impacts occurring again. The two-pronged strategy of watching infections and implementing biocontrol would be an appropriate alternative to synthetic agrochemicals that would suit the agenda of contemporary sustainable agriculture. In addition, this methodological approach developed may serve as a guide to studies in the future, considering other plant-pathogen pairs. This paper describes how molecular diagnostics, quantitative pathogen suppressive assays, and functional genomics can be combined to both develop and utilize bio control medicines in the field in an intelligent manner. The research shows the importance of taking up a combination of approaches to maintain plants healthy in a manner that is effective and environmental friendly. This will assist in maintaining the food supply secure and fortify farming systems.

Climate change is a formidable challenge affecting global health outcomes and productivity. This paper examines the extent to which climate change adaptation factors combined with gender and maternal health intersect and their impacts on pregnant women. It explores the perception of young pregnant women about their health by aligning gender, climate change vulnerability, and experiences. The literature review has been expanded to examine theoretical framework and empirical findings regarding climate change and gender. The study uses qualitative data obtained through face-to-face interviews with ten pregnant ladies of different socioeconomic statuses residing in environmentally vulnerable areas. This selection remains consistent with qualitative research guidelines where participants are chosen to provide depth rather than breadth of information. Considering climate change as an aggravating factor in gender disparities, the study identifies additional physical, emotional, and psychological loads placed on pregnant women. Some themes are derived include differences in climate change consciousness, physical health consequences, healthcare accessibility issues, emotional strain, and sociocultural dynamics. This research highlights the importance of gender inclusion in climate adaptation measures and addressing maternal health in development policies. The findings indicate how collaborative and just adaptation can be achieved for both the present population and future generations. The small study area is a limitation that indicates the importance of future research on integrating quantitative data and extending the research area to investigate this crucial issue further.

The study examines the relationship between climate change adaptation, food security, and livelihoods in the Multan division. Data was collected from four districts, including Multan, Vehari, Khanewal, and Lodhran, for the year 2023. The study employed the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to estimate the results, utilizing five regression models with five dependent variables: on-farm adaptation strategy, storage adaptation strategy, diversification adaptation strategy, common pooling adaptation strategy, and mobility adaptation strategy. The independent variables considered in the analysis encompassed age, male-headed households, joint family structure, dependency burden, farming experience, years of schooling, land size, land ownership, land quality index, non-land assets index, income, access to services index, climate change index, and food security index. This research contributes to understanding the interplay between climate change adaptation, food security, and livelihoods in the Multan division, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in designing effective strategies for sustainable development.

Climate change is indeed a wide-reaching problem with noteworthy consequences. The climate in Pakistan has been experiencing a quick-changing pattern, accompanied by an increase in the intensity and frequency of extreme events due to global warming. The capacity of people to adapt to climate change is crucial in reducing its impacts. Over the past decade, the irregular incidents of weather events such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and cyclones have had a significant impact on the economic growth of the country. The main goal of this study is to assess how well the local community is able to adapt to the challenges posed by climate change. The study was specifically conducted in Mianwali district, Punjab province, Pakistan focusing on this specific location allows for a more in-depth analysis of the adaptive capacity of its local community to climate change. A thorough survey of the district was conducted, and the responses of the people were recorded through questionnaires and interviews. People were asked about their views on climate change and the adaptive strategies they are implementing to tackle its effects. The findings unfolded the fact that the limitations of being unaware of environmental issues are not only the lack of education but also the financial constraints are there. The study also explained that the residents of Mianwali who are aware of climate change and flood trends are more concerned about growing and using a variety of crops as a resilience tactic. Although there is a greater number of people who are not even aware of climate change and the association of floods with it, the public also claimed that the local authorities are not providing them with any information in time. So, the results suggest a clear insight for the stakeholders and policymakers to manage flooding and climate change by providing the people with crucial information beforehand and managing the situation by suggesting and implementing multiple adaptive measures.

This study aims to assess the role of sustainable livelihood capital, the mediation of investments and farming purposes, and the moderation of climatic and non-climatic factors in the adaptation process, particularly in the aspects of Crop, Farm, Irrigation, and Economic Management. Moreover, guided by the VIABLE (Values and Investments for Agent-Based Interaction and Learning in Environmental Systems) framework, we analyze stakeholders' actions, priorities, and goals in the climate change adaptation process. A structured questionnaire was designed based on a five-point Likert scale covering the concepts of livelihood capital, climate change adaptation, investment priorities, farming constraints, and farmers' decision-making factors. Field data were collected from 800 farmers during December 2021 to February 2022 in the irrigated agricultural regions in the Indus Plain of the Punjab and Sindh provinces, Pakistan. We employed the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling approach to the VIABLE framework (VIABLE-SEM) to analyze the collected data. The results confirm livelihood capital as the most significant determinant (beta = 0.57, effect size = 0.503) for farmers' adaptation strategies in the Indus plain. Other variables, such as the principal purpose of farming, available investment options, natural and human constraints, appear less important. We identified 13 significant viability pathways that show investment priorities, farming purposes, and constraints faced by the farmers in climate change adaptation. The study also found that non-climatic factors negatively influence (beta = -0.156) the relationship between capital and adaptation, while climatic factors positively influence (beta = 0.050) this relationship. Interestingly, the presence of these influencing factors increases the adaptive capacity of farmers. These findings have important implications for policymakers and researchers in designing and implementing effective climate change adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector of Pakistan.

Accelerating climate‑resilient agriculture calls for a multi‑faceted approach rooted in innovation, inclusiveness, and institutional alignment. The frontier of research—covering AI‑IoT systems, digital twins, nanosensors, drones, and precision agriculture—has revolutionary promise. However, this rests on field testing, user‑centric design, and fair access to technologies. Parallel investments in digital literacy, infrastructure, and inter‑disciplinary collaboration are needed to drive technological potential to farmer empowerment

Abstract Wheat grain protein concentration is an important determinant of wheat quality for human nutrition that is often overlooked in efforts to improve crop production. We tested and applied a 32‐multi‐model ensemble to simulate global wheat yield and quality in a changing climate. Potential benefits of elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration by 2050 on global wheat grain and protein yield are likely to be negated by impacts from rising temperature and changes in rainfall, but with considerable disparities between regions. Grain and protein yields are expected to be lower and more variable in most low‐rainfall regions, with nitrogen availability limiting growth stimulus from elevated CO 2 . Introducing genotypes adapted to warmer temperatures (and also considering changes in CO 2 and rainfall) could boost global wheat yield by 7% and protein yield by 2%, but grain protein concentration would be reduced by −1.1 percentage points, representing a relative change of −8.6%. Climate change adaptations that benefit grain yield are not always positive for grain quality, putting additional pressure on global wheat production.

Public institutions could play an important role in building agricultural resilience to climate change by providing information and technology support to farmers. This study takes the case of Pakistan to investigate the perspective and capacities of public institutions as well as to identify gaps in current institutional arrangements in dealing and managing climate change in the agriculture sector. For this purpose, 53 office bearers from thirteen public institutions in Punjab province of Pakistan were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data on climate knowledge, training, coordination, and resource availability. The study uses an index-based approach to calculate Institutional Capacity Indices (ICI) based on selected seven indicators. The results of the index analysis show that institutions have the least financial capacity, followed by lacking physical and human resources. Whereas results show high index value for perception and knowledge, indicating a good understanding of climate change at the institutional level. The overall ICI index value indicates a medium level capacity of institutions in dealing with climate change. Moreover, the study shows that gaps in management, non-availability of financial and physical resources, and lack of training are the key bottlenecks for limited adaptation support from public institutions. This study highlights the importance of reducing gaps so that institutions could play their role in building the resilience of the agriculture sector to climate change.