This study aimed to perform a clinical and parasitological diagnosis of gastrointestinal Helminthiases and study some aspects of the parasitic dynamics in sheep and goat herds of family farming in Ceará-Brazil, aiming to contribute to the control of worms in these animals. For this, visits were made to family farms, and animals were evaluated, applied the Famacha exam, and examined the body condition score. In addition, fecal samples were collected directly from the rectal ampulla, always in the morning, from 10 goats and 36 sheep randomly within each category (young and adult). Subsequently, the samples were submitted to macroscopic examination and processing by routine methods in helminthology: EPG (number of eggs per gram of feces) and EOPG (number of eimeriid oocysts per grams of feces). The data were tabulated in a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet and expressed as arithmetic means and percentages. Of the total of 46 animals, 26 were positive for the presence of helminth, and 20 were negative for any gastrointestinal parasite. Strongyloidea and Eimeria were the most frequent, both in goats and sheep. In this study, it was observed that sheep had a higher frequency of animals positive for Strongyloidea eggs (58.3%) compared to goats (30%). In conclusion, the results showed that gastrointestinal Helminths are frequent in goat and sheep herds of the family farm of Ceará. The main gastrointestinal helminths that affect goats and sheep raised in these localities are Strongyloidea, as well as Eimeria oocysts.

In vitro gametogenesis (IVG) offers broad opportunities for gaining detailed new mechanistic knowledge of germ cell biology that will enable progress in the understanding of human infertility, as well as for applications in the conservation of endangered species and for accelerating genetic selection of livestock. The realisation of this potential depends on overcoming key technical challenges and of gaining more detailed knowledge of the ontogeny and developmental programme in different species. Important differences in the molecular mechanisms of germ cell determination and epigenetic reprogramming between mice and other animals have been elucidated in recent years. These must be carefully considered when developing IVG protocols, as cellular kinetics in mice may not accurately reflect mechanisms in other mammals. Similarly, diverse stem cell models with potential for germ cell differentiation may reflect alternative routes to successful IVG. In conclusion, the fidelity of the developmental programme recapitulated during IVG must be assessed against reference information from each species to ensure the production of healthy animals using these methods, as well as for developing genuine models of gametogenesis

Articles (1558 in total) published in the South African Journal of Animal Science (SAJAS) were identified in the Scopus, Scielo, and InCites (Web of Science) databases. The Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) indicator for SAJAS in 2022 was 0.33, with a journal H-index of 37. The journal is in the Q3 quartile, reaching Q2 in 2014 and 2017, and has the 2nd highest SJR in African Animal Science and Zoology journals. The InCites average Category Normalised Citation Index is 0.43, with 77% of articles being cited, but varies between research fields, with a score of 0.32 for Agriculture, Environment, and Ecology (85% of published papers), 0.23 for Clinical and Life Sciences (14% of published papers), and 0.44 for Social Sciences. There is a mean of 43 references per article, with each article receiving, on average, 1.1 citations. Most papers are on poultry and ruminants, with fewer papers on wild animals and less prominent farm species. The major breeds studied include Merino sheep and Holstein cattle, with fewer papers on South African breeds. This analysis is important for the journal and its readership as a self-evaluation of the scope and impact of the journal and how this is changing, as well as aiding editors in shaping the journal’s future direction. Citations have decreased over the last 20 years, and international collaborations are few; however, bias in this analysis should be noted, as recent papers and papers not indexed in Scopus have lower numbers of citations. The journal must reaffirm itself as a leading journal for tropical animal production. Submitted 13 May 2025; Accepted 23 May 2025; Published 16 June 2025

The intersection of artificial intelligence, animal science, and business innovation stands as one of the most significant but underexplored areas of the 21st century. This paper presents the conceptual and integrative framework of BioCommerce Intelligence (BCI) —a transdisciplinary model where AI systems are developed, fine-tuned, and deployed using data from animal biology, ecology, and behaviour to generate quantifiable commercial value across pharmaceuticals, aquaculture, wildlife conservation finance, agribusiness, ecotourism, and supply chain management. This study constitutes a narrative integrative review with conceptual synthesis spanning six industry sectors. It integrates recent advances in computer vision, natural language processing, reinforcement learning, and generative AI applied to zoological datasets, and proposes a governance framework for responsible BCI deployment. The results indicate that AI models guided by zoological information outperform traditional business intelligence tools on key commercial metrics, while simultaneously enhancing conservation outcomes. The institutional divide between biological science and business has artificially constrained AI’s potential, and that BCI represents the next evolution of applied intelligence.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pheretima (PA), the dry body of Megascolecidae animal Pheretima aspergillum (E.Perrier), Pheretima vulgaris Chen, Pheretima guillelmi (Michaelsen) and Pheretima pectinifera Michaelsen is known as earthworm. For thousands of years, it has been utilized for renal yang deficiency, weakness of tendons and bones, Benign tumors, ulcerative diseases, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. AIM OF THE WORK This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of PA in terms of zoology, traditional applications, processing technology, chemical composition, pharmacologic activities, quality control and toxicity, providing a reference for the rational use of PA and laying a foundation for the clinical research of PA. MATERIALS AND METHODS This article searched for information about PA from Researchgate, Web of Science, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, X-MOL, CNKI, and other databases using the keywords Pheretima, zoology, compounds, pharmacology, and quality control. RESULTS Till now, a total of 509 chemical components have been identified in PA, including 52 amino acid (1-52) components, 28 nucleoside compounds (53-80), 117 lipid compounds (81-197), 13 steroid compounds (198-210), 117 protein and peptide components (323-439), 47 enzyme components (440-486), 112 other compounds (211-322), and 23 trace elements, among proteins and enzymes are the main active ingredients. PA and its main active constituents have the effects of cardiovascular protection, enhancing immunity, wound healing, anti-tumor, anti-fibrosis, cough and asthma, etc. The therapeutic effect on cardiovascular diseases is particularly significant. PA's lipids, proteins, and enzymes can treat cardiovascular diseases by inhibiting coagulation, preventing platelet aggregation, and promoting fibrinolysis etc. mechanisms. The toxicity, clinical application, and quality control of PA have been sorted out. In addition, despite the prominent therapeutic benefits of PA, further processing is still needed to remove its fishy odor, which is beneficial for people to take. CONCLUSION This review provides a comprehensive summary of PA and emphasizes its potential therapeutic potential, particularly in treating cardiovascular diseases. In addition, further research on PA's pharmacokinetics is strongly recommended, as this will help improve the safety and rationality of clinical applications.

Descriptive morphology and taxonomy That is because zoology is rapidly evolving to be a multi-modal science that operates on the organismic to molecular scale (i.e., it extends beyond the level of the ecosystem). To address that global crisis in biodiversity, scientists have combined genomics and environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis with morphometrics and imagery, behavior studies through biologging, trail cameras, and vocal monitoring, and landscape studies using remote-sensing tools. These varied approaches are now joined together by artificial intelligence and open data platforms and are opening new avenues to real-time biodiversity discovery and predictive conservation. However, questions also remain: the knowledge gap in taxonomy, bias in occurrence data, incomplete validation of models using either eDNA or acoustics data, and the lack of standards addressing blending multi-modal data. Moral imperatives such as animal welfare in tracking, fairness in international partnerships and data sovereignty are still burning. This paper presents an outline of Integrative Zoology and presents case studies of how it is transforming our basic understanding of the cryptic species, how it tracks movement and decline, and how it can inform conservation analysis. By integrating the traditional study of zoology with the newest of technologies, the discipline can transform into a science of awareness of biodiversity, infrastructure that is ready to directly assist the conservation policy and resilience of the planet.

The overarching theme of Science Under Siege: Zoology Under Threat highlights the urgent need to reject the idea that science is optional or dismissible in today’s society. Much of the pushback against science, including zoology, comes from religious groups, political interests seeking short-term benefits, or from philosophical views that oppose the scientific study and management of wildlife. An extreme stance within the animal rights movement also opposes conservation efforts, even though ethical considerations regarding animals and the environment are essential for their sustainable management. Brian Martin, in his insightful piece Breaking the Siege: Guidelines for Struggle in Science, notes that when science comes under attack, opponents often use tactics to minimize public outrage—such as covering up their actions, discrediting the targets, reinterpreting events, or using official channels to create an illusion of fairness. Currently, zoology and zoologists are facing such attacks, and the continued degradation of our ecosystems is a disturbing consequence. In Australia, the accelerating extinction rates, fuelled by invasive species, climate change, and habitat destruction, are steadily erasing the country's rich zoological heritage. This paper has been conducted through the analysis of secondary data sources, including published scientific literature, policy reviews, and ethical critiques. No primary data collection was undertaken. The reliance on secondary data ensures that the arguments presented are rooted in peer-reviewed evidence and authoritative documentation relevant to the intersection of zoology, ethics, and environmental governance. The collected literature was examined to trace common themes, prevailing arguments, and underlying conceptual structures relevant to the research focus.

Artificial intelligence (AI) stands at the forefront of modern scientific innovation. It has revolutionized our understanding of the world around us and its effects on Zoology also called as animal science have been profound. With continued advancements in AI technology, new opportunities to explore the unknown will continue to arise offering us unprecedented insight into this fascinating field. AI technology offers immense potential for animal scientists to improve their work. Automated tracking and predictive analytics allow data analysis on an unprecedented scale, enabling greater insight into complex biological systems than ever before. This can lead to improved animal welfare through better resource optimization, as well as more informed decision making in conservation efforts. AI also helps to reduce the workload of researchers by automating mundane tasks that would otherwise take a long time to complete. The good news is that it’s unlikely that AI will completely replace animal scientists any time soon; however, certain roles within the field may become automated by technology over time. So while it’s important to pay attention to advances in AI technology, it’s also possible to use them for advantage and secure the place in the workforce of tomorrow. Moreover, this technology continues to evolve, so too will its impact on our lives and careers.