Management of Diabesity using Ascorbic acid and Gallic acid as Novel therapeutic candidates; a review

Background: Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation, which can lead to metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular complications. The inflammatory response leads to the formation of harmful reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen substances, which are related to the production of oxidative stress. The fat cells of obese people have a different adipokine profile, and pro-inflammatory cytokines production increases as well as release in excess amounts, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Insulin resistance and decreased insulin production are the main causes of T2DM. Reactive and toxic oxygen species can cause oxidative damage to β cells, which is the main cause of T2DM. T2DM is a progressively severe global health issue associated with the obesity epidemic. A variety of pathophysiological abnormalities that lead to impaired glucose homeostasis in T2DM are caused by environmental (including obesity, poor diet, and lack of physical activity) and genetic factors. Natural compounds, including gallic acid, a phytochemical and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), are used as antioxidants to treat obesity and T2DM. Gallic acid is basically a kind of tri-hydroxybenzoic acid, which has powerful antioxidants as well as free radical-relieving effects, and shields tissue damage from oxidative stress. Vitamin C decreases the inflammation by inhibiting C-reactive protein and TNFα mechanisms. These pathways have been found to lower lipid peroxidation, inhibit free radicals, and prevent hypoxia in adipose tissue. This review is about the antioxidant abilities of gallic acid and vitamin C in the treatment of oxidative damage diseases such as obesity and T2DM.