A Review of Biopesticides: Their Future in Pakistan

The crop production is significantly reduced by the damage caused by insect pest and diseases. The agriculture sector is experiencing great pressure to utilize synthetic pesticides, driven by the growing demand for basic needs such as shelter, food, clothing, and space. The synthetic pesticides that are commercially used have been demonstrated to be toxic to the environment, as well as to humans and other non-target organisms. Additionally, there is a growing apprehension about the potential for pests to develop resistance to these synthetic pesticides. In comparison to chemical pesticides, biopesticides are more environmentally benign and safer that are used for crop protection and insect pest management. They are more targeted to specific pests, rapidly degradable and less toxic which is a significant concern for consumers. They employ the mechanisms of nature to manage insect pest, rather than relying on noxious chemicals. The biopesticide sector is currently in the process of developing a variety of methods and the production and commercialization of biopesticides are on the rise globally as a result of the impressive results they have achieved in integrated pest management. Over 3,000 tons of biopesticide are produced annually around the globe, yet its market share remains only 2.5%. In contrast to the pesticide market, Pakistan lacks a single registered biopesticide except few IGRs. The country's exports are limited by the presence of mycotoxins in food products, which is a significant safety concern for both local and international markets. Recently for the promotion of eco-friendly pest control product, a registration guideline for biopesticide has been approved by Pakistan. This review explored the various types of biopesticides, their formulation strategies, and modes of action. It also discusses suitable and sustainable methods for crop protection and promoting animal and human health. Additionally, the potential for integrating biopesticides into the pest management systems is examined, along with their prospective implications in Pakistan.