Development of Eco-Friendly Electrochemical Pencil Graphite Sensor Based on Nanohybrid Composite - Supported Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Prussian Blue Analog/Ag-ZnO@MIP for Selective Picomolar Analysis of Finerenone

For the first time, a green electrochemical method is utilized for constructing an electroanalytical sensor using molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), enabling the analysis of finerenone (FIN) which is the newly FDA-approved selective non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. The pencil graphite electrode PGE was initially modified with a nanocomposite ingredient consisting of silver zinc oxide nanocomposite (Ag-ZnO) and the Prussian blue analog (PBA, ZnTCNi/HCCo), namely Zinc tetracyanonickelate/hexacyanocobaltate. The MIP was synthesized by electropolymerization of o -Phenylenediamine (OPDA) onto the PBA/Ag-ZnO@PGE surface by cyclic voltammetry using a potential range of −0.5 to +1 V for 15 cycles. The suggested technique was successfully employed for indirect FIN determination through Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) of [Fe(CN) 6 ] −3/−4 , with a linear range of (8.0 × 10 –13 –1.1 × 10 –11 ), with a detection limit (LOD) of 2.31 × 10 −13 M and a quantitation limit (LOQ) of 6.99 × 10 −13 M. The suggested method was effectively utilized to analyze FIN in commercial preparations and human plasma samples, yielding acceptable percentage recoveries. The sensor showed significant selectivity of FIN in the presence of drugs related to FIN pharmacological class (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists). The suggested approach was validated in accordance with ICH requirements, and the environmental impact of the method was assessed using the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) approach.