Stem Cells and Exosomes-associated Therapeutic Applications

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with sizes from 30 to 150 nm in diameter and modulate the transport of multiple intracellular biological molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites. They regulate a large number of cells and are involved in different pathological and physiological activities including carcinogenesis, viral infection, cell-cell communication and immune responses as well. Stem cell-derived exosomes carry many benefits over simple stem cells in the form of easy access, freedom from tumourigenic capabilities, non-infusion toxicity, effortless preservation, and immunogenicity. Exosomes have almost the same properties and perform functions effectively in the same way as their parental cells do like adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Due to their pluripotent or multipotent abilities, stem cells (SCs) transform into several types of cells. In addition to other secretions, SC also give exosomes, which in turn shows therapeutic significance for many disorders, including cancer, diabetes mellitus, skin allergies and regenerative medicine. Exosomes originating from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have miRNAs, lipids, and proteins that trigger diabetes and cancer situations in humans. Exosomes from SCs (sc-exos) are preferred to SC as there are fewer side effects and other challenges, including effectiveness, drug delivery, lower immunogenicity and tumourigenicity. In the current review, we summarize the data from the last 5 years’ articles about exosomes and stem cell-derived microvesicles for the therapeutic potential of various diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and Parkinson’s disease with clinical challenges and future aspects.