Sex-specific differences in risk factors, comorbidities, diagnostic challenges, optimal management, and prognostic outcomes of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A comprehensive literature review
Muhammad Abubakara b✉, Ayesha Saleemc, Mohsin Hajjajc, Haseeb Faizc, Aastha Pragyad, Rosheen Jamile, Siffat Saima Salimf, Ibrahim Khaleel Lateefg, Deepak Kumar Singlah, Rajasekar Ramari, Ivan Damaraj, Laraib Shahidk
- aDepartment of Internal Medicine, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore General Hospital, 6 Birdwood Road, Jinnah Town, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan. Muhammadabubakar2053@hotmail.com
- bDepartment of Internal Medicine, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore General Hospital, 6 Birdwood Road, Jinnah Town, Lahore, Punjab, 54000, Pakistan
- cDepartment of Internal Medicine, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
- dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- eDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
- fDepartment of Surgery, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- gDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical University - Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria
- hDepartment of Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India
- iDepartment of Internal Medicine, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
Papers open inside SciRah from the original publisher or repository; SciRah never hosts them.
Abstract
Due to hormonal variations, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains prevalent in women and affects almost half of the heart failure (HF) patients. Given the yearly death rate of 10-30% and the unavailability of medications targeting HFpEF, the need arises for a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of this syndrome. This comprehensive review explores sex-specific differences in traditional risk factors; female-specific factors that may impact HFpEF development and response to therapy, including variations in hormone levels that may occur pre- and post-menopausal or during pregnancy; and disparities in comorbidities, clinical presentation, and diagnostic challenges. Lastly, the review addresses prognostic outcomes, noting that women with HFpEF have a poor quality of life but a higher survival rate. It also discusses novel biomarkers and precision medicine, emphasizing their potential to improve early detection and personalized treatment.
TL;DRA comprehensive review explores sex-specific differences in traditional risk factors; female-specific factors that may impact HFpEF development and response to therapy, including variations in hormone levels that may occur pre- and post-menopausal or during pregnancy; and disparities in comorbidities, clinical presentation, and diagnostic challenges. (Semantic Scholar)