In-situ, Ex-situ, and nano-remediation strategies to treat polluted soil, water, and air – A review
Asim Hussaina, Fazeelat Rehmanb, Hamza Rafeeqc, Muhammad Waqasd, Asma Asghara, Nadia Afsheenc, Abbas Rahdare, Muhammad Bilalf, Hafiz M.N. Iqbalg
- aDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- bDepartment of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- cDepartment of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
- dDepartment of Applied Sciences, National Textile University Faisalabad, 37610, Pakistan
- eDepartment of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, P. O. Box. 98613-35856, Iran
- fSchool of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China. Electronic address: bilaluaf@hyit.edu.cn
- gTecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico. Electronic address: hafiz.iqbal@tec.mx
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Abstract
Nanotechnology, as an emerging science, has taken over all fields of life including industries, health and medicine, environmental issues, agriculture, biotechnology etc. The use of nanostructure molecules has revolutionized all sectors. Environmental pollution is a great concern now a days, in all industrial and developing as well as some developed countries. A number of remedies are in practice to overcome this problem. The application of nanotechnology in the bioremediation of environmental pollutants is a step towards revolution. The use of various types of nanoparticles (TiO2 based NPs, dendrimers, Fe based NPs, Silica and carbon nanomaterials, Graphene based NPs, nanotubes, polymers, micelles, nanomembranes etc.) is in practice to diminish environmental hazards. For this many In-situ (bioventing, bioslurping, biosparging, phytoremediation, permeable reactive barrier etc.) and Ex-situ (biopile, windrows, bioreactors, land farming etc.) methodologies are employed. Improved properties like nanoscale size, less time utilization, high adaptability for In-situ and Ex-situ use, undeniable degree of surface-region to-volume proportion for possible reactivity, and protection from ecological elements make nanoparticles ideal for natural applications. There are distinctive nanomaterials and nanotools accessible to treat the pollutants. Each of these methods and nanotools depends on the properties of foreign substances and the pollution site. The current designed review highlights the techniques used for bioremediation of environmental pollutants as well as use of various nanoparticles along with proposed In-situ and Ex-situ bioremediation techniques.