Cadmium toxicity in plants: Impacts and remediation strategies
Fasih Ullah Haidera b, Cai Liquna b c✉, Jeffrey A. Coulterd, Sardar Alam Cheemae, Jun Wua b, Renzhi Zhanga b, Wenjun Maa b, Muhammad Farooqe f g✉
- aCollege of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- bGansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- cGansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China. Electronic address: cailq@gsau.edu.cn
- dDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- eDepartment of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
- fDepartment of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman. Electronic address: farooqcp@squ.edu.om
- gDepartment of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman
- ✉Corresponding author
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Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an unessential trace element in plants that is ubiquitous in the environment. Anthropogenic activities such as disposal of urban refuse, smelting, mining, metal manufacturing, and application of synthetic phosphate fertilizers enhance the concentration of Cd in the environment and are carcinogenic to human health. In this manuscript, we reviewed the sources of Cd contamination to the environment, soil factors affecting the Cd uptake, the dynamics of Cd in the soil rhizosphere, uptake mechanisms, translocation, and toxicity of Cd in plants. In crop plants, the toxicity of Cd reduces uptake and translocation of nutrients and water, increases oxidative damage, disrupts plant metabolism, and inhibits plant morphology and physiology. In addition, the defense mechanism in plants against Cd toxicity and potential remediation strategies, including the use of biochar, minerals nutrients, compost, organic manure, growth regulators, and hormones, and application of phytoremediation, bioremediation, and chemical methods are also highlighted in this review. This manuscript may help to determine the ecological importance of Cd stress in interdisciplinary studies and essential remediation strategies to overcome the contamination of Cd in agricultural soils.
TL;DRThis manuscript may help to determine the ecological importance of Cd stress in interdisciplinary studies and essential remediation strategies to overcome the contamination of CD in agricultural soils. (Semantic Scholar)