Multi-point enzyme immobilization, surface chemistry, and novel platforms: a paradigm shift in biocatalyst design
Muhammad Bilala, Muhammad Asgherb, Hairong Chengc✉, Yunjun Yand, Hafiz M.N. Iqbale✉
- aSchool of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
- bDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- cState Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- dKey Lab of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- eTecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
- ✉Corresponding author
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Abstract
Engineering enzymes with improved catalytic properties in non-natural environments have been concerned with their diverse industrial and biotechnological applications. Immobilization represents a promising but straightforward route, and immobilized biocatalysts often display higher activities and stabilities compared to free enzymes. Owing to their unique physicochemical characteristics, including the high-specific surface area, exceptional chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties, efficient enzyme loading, and multivalent functionalization, nano-based materials are postulated as suitable carriers for biomolecules or enzyme immobilization. Enzymes immobilized on nanomaterial-based supports are more robust, stable, and recoverable than their pristine counterparts, and are even used for continuous catalytic processes. Furthermore, the unique intrinsic properties of nanomaterials, particularly nanoparticles, also confer the immobilized enzymes to be used for their broader applications. Herein, an effort has been made to present novel potentialities of multi-point enzyme immobilization in the current biotechnological sector. Various nano-based platforms for enzyme/biomolecule immobilization are discussed in the second part of the review. In summary, recent developments in the use of nanomaterials as new carriers to construct robust nano-biocatalytic systems are reviewed, and future trends are pointed out in this article.