Zinc and iron oxide nanoparticles improved the plant growth and reduced the oxidative stress and cadmium concentration in wheat
Muhammad Rizwana b✉, Shafaqat Alib, Basharat Alic, Muhammad Adreesb, Muhammad Arshadd, Afzal Hussainb, Muhammad Zia‐ur‐Rehmane, Aisha A. Warise
- aDepartment of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: mrizwan@gcuf.edu.pk
- bDepartment of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan
- cDepartment of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
- dInstitute of Environmental Sciences & Engineering (IESE), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- eInstitute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
- ✉Corresponding author
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Abstract
The effects of seed priming with zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) on the growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation by wheat (Triticum aestivum) were investigated. Seeds of wheat were primed with different concentrations of either ZnO NPs (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L -1 ) or Fe NPs (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg L -1 ) for 24 h by continuous aeration and then the seeds were sown in a soil which was contaminated with Cd due to long-term application of sewage water. Plants were grown till maturity under natural conditions with 60-70% moisture contents of total soil water holding capacity throughout the experiment. Plant height, spike length, and dry weights of shoots, roots, spikes, and grains were increased with NPs, in particular with the higher rates of NPs. The results depicted that NPs positively affected the photosynthesis of wheat as compared to the control. The NPs reduced the electrolyte leakage and superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities in leaves of Cd-stressed wheat. The concentrations of Cd in roots, shoots, and grains were significantly decreased with NPs application. The Cd content in the grains was below the threshold level of Cd (0.2 mg kg -1 ) for cereals when the seeds were treated with higher NPs treatments. The application of ZnO NPs increased the Zn concentrations and Fe NPs increased the Fe concentrations in roots, shoots, and grains. Overall, the NPs play a major role in the increase in biomass, nutrients and decrease in Cd toxicity in wheat.