Consequences of high temperature under changing climate optima for rice pollen characteristics-concepts and perspectives
Shah Fahada b, Muhammad Zahid Ihsanc, Abdul Khaliqd, İhsanullah Daure, Shah Saudf, Saleh Alzamanane, Wajid Nasimg, Muhammad Abdullahc, Imtiaz Ali Khanc, Chao Wub, Depeng Wangh, Jianliang Huangb i✉
- aDepartment of Agronomy, The University of Swabi, Swabi Kyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan
- bNational Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- cCholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
- dDepartment of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
- eDepartment of Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- fCollege of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- gDepartment of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
- hCollege of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- iHubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Hubei, China
- ✉Corresponding author
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Abstract
The enhancement in both frequency and intensity of high temperature, besides its large variability will result in up to 40% yield reduction in rice by the end of 21st century. Vegetative growth in rice continues with day time temperature up to 40°C but development of florets is extremely sensitive to temperature higher than 35°C. The effect of night time temperature stress is even more adverse than day. Heat stress results in deprived anther dehiscence, impaired pollination and abnormal pollen germination that cause floret sterility. The decrease in pollen viability is presumably caused by imbalance in proteins expression, abandoned biosynthesis, partitioning and translocation of soluble sugars, imbalance in phytohormones release, and loss of pollen water content. Rice responds to heat stress by adjusting various physiochemical mechanisms viz., growth inhibition, leaf senescence and alteration in basic physiological processes. Antioxidant enzymes, calcium and iron also play an important role in managing heat stress. Response of rice to heat stress varies with plant ecotype, growth stage, heat intensity and time of stress application. High temperature stress can be managed by developing heat-tolerant genotypes. Rice breeding and screening may be based on anther dehiscence, pollen tube development and pollen germination on stigma.