Brucellosis - An Infectious Re-Emerging Bacterial Zoonosis of Global Importance

Brucellosis, a highly infectious, re-emerging bacterial anthropozoonotic disease of global significance, is important public health and economic point of view. The disease is found worldwide but it is well controlled in most developed countries. Brucellosis, caused by several species of Brucella, is a sub-acute or chronic disease which may affect many species of animals. In cattle, sheep, goats, other ruminants and pigs, the initial phase following infection is often not apparent. The disease in animals causes tremendous economic losses. The disease is usually transmitted from infected animals to humans through contact with animals or consumption of their products mostly dairy products made from unpasteurized milk. It is also an occupational hazard to persons who are engaged in handling of the infected animals and their products. Laboratory investigation is imperative to confirm an unequivocal diagnosis of brucellosis. Since humans acquire the infection from animals, it is emphasized to control the disease in animals. Proper pasteurization of milk and other dairy products and use of protective wears are important safety measures in those areas where brucellosis is endemic. In recent years, the global epidemiology of the disease has not altered drastically. New strains of Brucella may emerge and existing types adapt to changing social and agricultural practices. Hence, further epidemiological studies on the identification of new strains of the Brucella should be conducted.