Origin of the West Nile Virus Responsible for an Outbreak of Encephalitis in the Northeastern United States

Robert S. Lanciotti^a✉, John T. Roehrig^a, Vincent Deubel^b, Jessica L. Smith^c, Michael D. Parker^c, Keith E. Steele^c, Bruce J. Crise^c, Katharine E. Volpe^a, Mary B. Crabtree^a, J. Scherret^d, Roy A. Hall^d, John S. Mackenzie^d, C. B. Cropp^a, Brundaban Panigrahy^e, Eileen N. Ostlund^e, Beverly J. Schmitt^e, M. Malkinson^f, Caroline Banet-Noach^f, J. Weissman^f, Nicholas Komar^a, Harry M. Savage^a, Ward B. Stone^g, Tracey S. McNamara^h, Duane J. Gubler^a

1. ^aDivision of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA
2. ^bUnité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur–Paris, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
3. ^cDivisions of Virology and Pathology, Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
4. ^dDepartment of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
5. ^eNational Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
6. ^fDivision of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Beit-Dagon 50250, Israel
7. ^gWildlife Pathology Unit, Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Delmar, NY 12054, USA
8. ^hWildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
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