Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases
Richard W. Atkinsona b✉, Iain M. Careyb c, Andrew J. Kentd, Tjeerd Pieter van Staae f, H Ross Andersong h, Derek G. Cookb c
- aDivision of Population Health Sciences and Education and MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom. atkinson@sgul.ac.uk
- bDivision of Population Health Sciences and Education and MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- cDivision of Population Health Sciences and Education and MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence based largely on US cohorts suggests that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter is associated with cardiovascular mortality. There is less evidence for other pollutants and for cardiovascular morbidity. By using a cohort of 836,557 patients age 40 to 89 years registered with 205 English general practices in 2003, we investigated relationships between ambient outdoor air pollution and incident myocardial infarction, stroke, arrhythmia, and heart failure over a 5-year period. METHODS: Events were identified from primary care records, hospital admissions, and death certificates. Annual average concentrations in 2002 for particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter <10 (PM10) and <2.5 microns, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone, and sulfur dioxide at a 1 × 1 km resolution were derived from emission-based models and linked to residential postcode. Analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for relevant confounders, including social and economic deprivation and smoking. RESULTS: While evidence was weak for relationships with myocardial infarction, stroke, or arrhythmia, we found consistent associations between pollutant concentrations and incident cases of heart failure. An interquartile range change in PM10 and in NO2 (3.0 and 10.7 µg/m, respectively) both produced a hazard ratio of 1.06 (95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.11) after adjustment for confounders. There was some evidence that these effects were greater in more affluent areas. CONCLUSIONS: This study of an English national cohort found evidence linking long-term exposure to particulate matter and NO2 with the development of heart failure. We did not, however, replicate associations for other cardiovascular outcomes that have been reported elsewhere.
TL;DREvidence is found linking long-term exposure to particulate matter and NO2 with the development of heart failure in an English national cohort, which did not replicate associations for other cardiovascular outcomes that have been reported elsewhere. (Semantic Scholar)