Reproductive change in Bangladesh: Evidence from recent data
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Abstract
This analysis pertains to an examination of fertility trends, differences, contraceptive use, and fertility preferences in Bangladesh. Data were obtained from the 1969 National Impact Survey of Family Planning; the 1975 and 1989 Bangladesh Fertility Surveys; and the 1983, 1985, and 1991 Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys. Age specific fertility rates (ASFR), current pregnancy rates, and the mean number of children ever born (CEB) are the estimated fertility measures. The P/F ratios show a significant fertility decline since 1983. Total marital fertility declined from 7 births in the 1960s to 5.2 in the late 1980s. The average number of CEB declined from 4.3 in 1969 to 3.7 in 1991. The percentage of pregnant women declined from 13.3 to 10.6. The ASFR declined primarily among older married women. Fertility declined among all groups including landowners and landless, the educated and the uneducated, rural and urban populations. The extent of decline varies by group. The total marital fertility rate (TMFR) declined more for the educated and the urban populations. Chittagong region had the higher fertility regardless of the period. TMFR was lower among contraceptive users compared to nonusers. The increase in contraceptive use was from 4 to 40% between 1969 and 1991. The following factors affected the extent of fertility decline: contraceptive use, reduced child mortality concomitant with extended lactation and amenorrhea, increased malnutrition, and/or improvements in child survival. Fertility was depressed under conditions of increased poverty, which may stimulate contraceptive use and lead to malnutrition and subfecundity. The higher Chittagong fertility pattern is not explained by regional comparisons of pregnancy wastage, stillbirths, and induced abortion. Desire for no more children increased from 46 to 58% during 1969-91. The average preferred family size is declining. High density and deep-seated poverty explain fertility decline in regions other than Chittagong. Demand for contraception may increase with increases in family planning home visits and educational opportunities.
TL;DRFertility declined among all groups including landowners and landless, the educated and the uneducated, rural and urban populations, and the extent of decline varies by group while demand for contraception may increase with increases in family planning home visits and educational opportunities. (Semantic Scholar)