The role of child negative emotionality in parenting and child adjustment: Gene–environment interplay
Elizabeth A. Shewarka b✉, Amanda M. Ramosc d, Chang Liue f, Jody M. Ganibane f, Gregory M. Foscog h, Daniel S. Shawi j, David Reissk l, Misaki N. Natsuakim n, Leslie D. Leveo p, Jenae M. Neiderhiserg h
- aMichigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- bMichigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- cThe University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
- dThe University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- eGeorge Washington University Washington DC USA
- fGeorge Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- gThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- hThe Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- iUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
- jUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- kYale University New Haven CT USA
- lYale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- mUniversity of California at Riverside Riverside CA USA
- nUniversity of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Evocative gene-environment correlation (rGE) describes a process through which children's heritable characteristics influence their rearing environments. The current study examined whether heritable influences on parenting and children's behavioural outcomes operate through child negative emotionality. METHOD: Using data from the Early Growth and Development Study, we examined associations among adoptive parent reports of child anger and sadness at 4.5 years, adoptive parents' hostile and warm parenting at 6 years and child behavioural problems and social competence at age 7. Birth parent temperament was included to test whether child effects on parents reflect evocative gene-environment correlation (rGE). RESULTS: Child anger at 4.5 years evoked hostile parenting from adoptive parents at 6 years, which was subsequently related to child problem behaviours at 7 years. Evocative rGE effects were identified for adoptive parents' hostile parenting. CONCLUSIONS: By employing a genetically informed design, we found that birth parent temperament was related to child negative emotionality. Adoptive parents were sensitive to child negative emotionality, and this sensitivity was linked to the child's later adjustment.
TL;DRAdoptive parents were sensitive to child negative emotionality, and this sensitivity was linked to the child's later adjustment, which was related to child problem behaviours at 7 years. (Semantic Scholar)