Smoke bifurcation-induced low-temperature region in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires: Phenomenon, modelling, and full-scale demonstration

Ke Wu^{a b}, Ganyu Wang^{a c d}, Jiangdong Li^{a b}, Liming Jiang^c, Guannan Wang^{a c d}, Tianhang Zhang^{a b c}✉

1. ^aKey Laboratory of Offshore Geotechnics and Material of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
2. ^bResearch Center for Urban Fire Safety Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
3. ^cDepartment of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
4. ^dDepartment of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
5. ✉Corresponding author