Optimal Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics from Leaves of Pongamia pinnata via Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networking
Tariq A. Aziza b✉, Rahman Qadirc d, Farooq Anwarc d, Sumaira Naze, Nausheen Nazire, Ghulam Nabif, Haiying Cuib, Lin Linb g✉, Metab Alharbih, Abdullah F. Alasmarih
- aSchool of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China. iwockd@gmail.com
- bSchool of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
- cDepartment of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- dInstitute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
- eDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan
- fInstitute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow 31-120, Poland
- gSchool of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China. linl@ujs.edu.cn
- hDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- ✉Corresponding author
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Abstract
This research work seeks to evaluate the impact of selected enzyme complexes on the optimised release of phenolics from leaves of Pongamia pinnata. After preliminary solvent extraction, the P. pinnata leaf extract was subjected to enzymatic treatment, using enzyme cocktails such as kemzyme dry-plus, natuzyme, and zympex-014. It was noticed that zympex-014 had a greater extract yield (28.0%) than kemzyme dry-plus (17.0%) and natuzyme (18.0%). Based on the better outcomes, zympex-014-based extract values were subsequently applied to several RSM parameters. The selected model is suggested to be significant by the F value (12.50) and R 2 value (0.9669). The applicability of the ANN model was shown by how closely the projected values from the ANN were to the experimental values. In terms of total phenolic contents (18.61 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid contents (12.56 mg CE/g), and DPPH test (IC50) (6.5 g/mL), antioxidant activities also shown significant findings. SEM analysis also revealed that the cell walls were damaged during enzymatic hydrolysis, as opposed to non-hydrolysed material. Using GC-MS, five potent phenolic compounds were identified in P. pinnata extract. According to the findings of this study, the recovery of phenolic bioactives and subsequent increase in the antioxidant capacity of P. pinnata leaf extract were both positively impacted by the optimisation approaches suggested, including the use of zympex-014.