Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and infectious diseases
Minhao Wua b, Ping Zhangb c, Xi Huangb c✉
- aKey Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- bMinistry of Education, Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, 510080, China
- cDepartment of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- ✉Corresponding author
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Abstract
The protective ability of host defense system is largely dependent on germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These PRRs respond to a variety of exogenous pathogens or endogenous danger signals, by recognizing some highly conserved structures such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger/damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The most studied PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs triggers production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent or -independent signaling respectively, thereby modulating innate and adaptive immunity, as well as inflammatory responses. This review introduces the classification, structure, and specific ligands of TLRs, and focuses on their signal pathways and biological activities, as well as clinical relevance. These studies of TLRs in the innate immune system have implications for the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), microbial keratitis, and hepatitis B and C.
TL;DRThe classification, structure, and specific ligands of TLRs are introduced, and their signal pathways and biological activities, as well as clinical relevance are focused on. (Semantic Scholar)