Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Paediatric: Challenges for the Future
Ahmed M. Saliha b c d e f g h✉, Gloria Menegazi j, Thillagavathie Pillayk l, Elaine Margaret Boylec g
- aBarts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield London UK
- bDepartment of Computer Science Faculty of Science, University of Zakho Zakho Kurdistan Region Iraq
- cDepartment of Population Health Sciences University of Leicester Leicester UK
- dWilliam Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London London UK
- eBarts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, West Smithfield, London, UK
- fDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Zakho, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- gDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- hWilliam Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- iDepartment of Engineering for Innovation Medicine University of Verona Verona Italy
- jDepartment of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Abstract
Background: Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) emerged to improve the transparency of machine learning models and increase understanding of how models make actions and decisions. It helps to present complex models in a more digestible form from a human perspective. However, XAI is still in the development stage and must be used carefully in sensitive domains including paediatrics, where misuse might have adverse consequences. Objective: This commentary paper discusses concerns and challenges related to implementation and interpretation of XAI methods, with the aim of rising awareness of the main concerns regarding their adoption in paediatrics. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was undertaken to explore the challenges of adopting XAI in paediatrics. Results: Although XAI has several favorable outcomes, its implementation in paediatrics is prone to challenges including generalizability, trustworthiness, causality and intervention, and XAI evaluation. Conclusion: Paediatrics is a very sensitive domain where consequences of misinterpreting AI outcomes might be very significant. XAI should be adopted carefully with focus on evaluating the outcomes primarily by including paediatricians in the loop, enriching the pipeline by injecting domain knowledge promoting a cross-fertilization perspective aiming at filling the gaps still preventing its adoption.
TL;DRExplainable artificial intelligence emerged to improve the transparency of machine learning models and increase understanding of how models make actions and decisions and must be used carefully in sensitive domains including paediatrics, where misuse might have adverse consequences. (Semantic Scholar)