A formal model of program dependences and its implications for software testing, debugging, and maintenance

A formal, general model of program dependences is presented and used to evaluate several dependence-based software testing, debugging, and maintenance techniques. Two generalizations of control and data flow dependence, called weak and strong syntactic dependence, are introduced and related to a concept called semantic dependence. Semantic dependence models the ability of a program statement to affect the execution behavior of other statements. It is shown, among other things, that weak syntactic dependence is a necessary but not sufficient condition for semantic dependence and that strong syntactic dependence is a necessary but not sufficient condition for a restricted form of semantic dependence that is finitely demonstrated. These results are then used to support some proposed uses of program dependences, to controvert others, and to suggest new uses.